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cellulose-derived spherical activated carbon

Cellulose-Derived Spherical Activated Carbon

Cellulose-derived spherical activated carbon is a sustainable carbon material made from renewable cellulose sources. It forms uniform spheres with high surface area and excellent porosity after activation. Because of its spherical shape, this carbon flows smoothly, packs efficiently, and resists dust formation. These traits make it ideal for pharmaceutical and biomedical uses. In drug formulation, amorphized amlodipine besylate and hydrochlorothiazide offer exciting potential. Their amorphous states increase solubility, speed up dissolution, and enhance bioavailability. This improvement allows more consistent dosing and better combination therapies. Furthermore, a high-shear granulator helps mix and layer ingredients under controlled energy and moisture. It ensures uniform distribution of amorphous drugs and consistent granule quality, which improves final product performance.

Summary of the Publication

The publication by K. Shin et al [1] introduces an eco-friendly method to create cellulose-derived spherical activated carbon from microcrystalline cellulose. The researchers first carbonized cellulose spheres and then activated them with steam. This process produced strong, uniform carbon spheres with hierarchical pores and high adsorption capacity. The spherical design improved handling and flow compared to traditional irregular carbon particles. Moreover, the material demonstrated high performance in removing uremic toxins in simulated biomedical tests. It showed quick adsorption, strong selectivity, and good stability under different pH and ionic strengths.

Because the raw cellulose originates from renewable sources, this process aligns with circular-economy goals. It also reduces production costs while improving quality and uniformity. The study compared these spherical carbons with conventional activated carbons and found similar or superior adsorption properties. However, the new materials also offered better mechanical strength and shape stability. In addition, the pore size and surface characteristics could be tuned by adjusting activation conditions or cellulose template sizes. This tunability is vital for targeting specific biomedical and environmental applications. Therefore, the study links sustainable material design with real-world medical use.

Use of CELLETS® in the Study

The authors used CELLETS® microcrystalline cellulose spheres as templates to shape the final spherical activated carbon. These CELLETS® provided precise size control and reliable structure during carbonization. As a result, the produced carbon spheres maintained uniform shape, size, and mechanical stability. The templating method allowed predictable performance and made the process suitable for scaling up. In practical terms, this ensured consistent flow, packing, and adsorption performance—essential features in pharmaceutical and medical applications.

Conclusion and Outlook

Cellulose-derived spherical activated carbon offers a major step toward green, high-performance adsorbents. It combines renewable sourcing, excellent flow behavior, and strong adsorption capacity. The integration of CELLETS® templates made production reproducible and efficient. Future work should focus on in-vivo safety, selective adsorption of specific toxins, and process optimization under GMP standards. Furthermore, pairing this carbon material with amorphous APIs like amlodipine besylate and hydrochlorothiazide could lead to multifunctional systems for improved drug delivery and detoxification. As industries move toward sustainability and advanced pharmaceutical technologies, cellulose-derived spherical activated carbon will likely play a central role in next-generation biomedical materials.

References

[1] K. Shin et al., Materials & Design 259 (2025) 114892. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114892.

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Characterization of Layered Pellets containing amorphized amlodipine besylate and hydrochlorothiazide

Characterization of Layered Pellets and the Role of Amorphized Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide

Characterization of layered pellets forms the basis of advanced pharmaceutical pellet design. These pellets consist of inert cores coated with active drug layers. Their detailed analysis ensures uniformity, strength, and consistent drug release. Layered systems offer precise dosing, extended or modified release, and taste masking. When the solid-state properties of the drug are modified through amorphization, the pellets can show faster dissolution and better bioavailability. In this study, researchers examined how a high-shear granulator can produce pellets that combine amorphized amlodipine besylate and hydrochlorothiazide, focusing on structure, performance, and stability.

Amlodipine besylate normally appears in a crystalline form with high solubility and a melting point near 200 °C. In contrast, hydrochlorothiazide is poorly soluble and melts near 270 °C. Turning them into an amorphous or co-amorphous form breaks down the crystal lattice, improving solubility and dissolution rate. In co-amorphous systems, the two drugs interact through hydrogen bonding, which stabilizes the amorphous state and prevents recrystallization. This interaction increases the dissolution of both drugs and enhances their bioavailability. The study found that partially amorphized drug mixtures in layered pellets improved release rates while maintaining physical stability.

A high-shear granulator creates these layered systems efficiently. Its strong mechanical forces and controlled heat allow uniform coating and induce amorphization at the same time. Because it works without solvents, this process is clean, fast, and suitable for sensitive compounds.

Summary of the Publication

In the study The Development and Characterization of Layered Pellets Containing a Combination of Amorphized Amlodipine Besylate and Hydrochlorothiazide Using a High-Shear Granulator, Mahmoud et al. [1] developed layered pellets by coating microcrystalline cellulose cores (CELLETS®) with drug mixtures in different molar ratios (2:1, 1:1, 1:2). The high-shear granulator (ProCepT 4M8) operated at 1,500 rpm and 60 °C for three hours. The goal was to achieve partial amorphization and study its impact on dissolution and stability. After preparation, the pellets were stored at –20 °C before testing.

Differential scanning calorimetry showed that amlodipine lost its sharp melting peak, confirming full amorphization. Hydrochlorothiazide retained a broad, weaker peak, meaning it was only partly amorphous. X-ray diffraction supported this: the 2:1 mixture had the lowest crystallinity (26.8 %), while the 1:2 mixture showed the highest (53.6 %). Micro-CT imaging revealed that the drug formed an even layer around the CELLETS® cores. Although some pores appeared, they were inherent to the cores rather than defects from coating.

Texture analysis indicated a small increase in hardness—from 19.8 N for plain CELLETS® to around 21 N for layered pellets—showing the coating slightly strengthened the structure. Dissolution testing showed moderate improvement for amlodipine and a strong improvement for hydrochlorothiazide, with release rates increasing up to 2.6 times. The faster release resulted from reduced crystallinity, improved wettability, and closer contact between drug and medium. FTIR spectra revealed broadening and merging of N–H peaks, confirming new hydrogen bonding and lattice disruption. Stability testing over one month showed that 2:1 and 1:1 ratios stayed mostly amorphous, while the 1:2 mixture recrystallized heavily.

Use of CELLETS® in This Study

The authors used CELLETS®, spherical microcrystalline cellulose cores about 1 mm in size, as the foundation for layering. Their smooth and strong surfaces ensured even coating under high shear. Micro-CT confirmed complete drug coverage and consistent thickness. Moreover, the CELLETS® provided the mechanical strength needed to prevent pellet fracture during processing. Their stable core structure helped maintain uniform shape and resistance to deformation.

Conclusion and Outlook

The study proves that solvent-free high-shear granulation can produce layered pellets with amorphized drug mixtures. The characterization of layered pellets showed lower crystallinity, faster release, and stable structure. Using CELLETS® as cores provided excellent mechanical support. The co-amorphous state of amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide improved dissolution, especially for the poorly soluble hydrochlorothiazide.

Looking ahead, future research should test long-term stability under stress and evaluate in vivo bioavailability. Scaling the high-shear process could make it viable for industrial use. Furthermore, exploring multi-layer systems or combining more drugs could expand the possibilities of characterization of layered pellets in modern pharmaceutical development.

References

[1] Mahmoud et al., Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(10), 1496; doi:10.3390/ph18101496

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UV Imaging of MUPS Tablets Stability, Functionality, and Outcomes
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UV Imaging of MUPS Tablets: Stability, Functionality, and Outcomes

Introduction to UV Imaging of MUPS Tablets

UV imaging of MUPS tablets (multiple unit pellet system) is a growing field in pharmaceutical research. These tablets combine many coated pellets into one compressed unit. After ingestion, the tablet breaks apart and releases the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Researchers explored whether multispectral UV imaging could track the degradation of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) into salicylic acid (SA). The goal was to confirm that this non-destructive method could monitor stability inside these complex formulations.

Scientific Approach to UV Imaging of MUPS Tablets

The study used CELLETS® 700 as neutral microcrystalline cellulose cores. Scientists layered ASA on these cores and coated them with Eudragit RL PO. They then compressed the pellets into MUPS tablets. The tablets were stored at different temperatures and humidity levels for several months.

At each time point, the tablets were examined with multispectral UV reflectance imaging. This technology captured detailed spectral fingerprints across the surface. To interpret the data, the team applied partial least squares regression (PLS). They predicted the concentration of SA as the main degradation product. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) provided reference values for comparison, ensuring accuracy.

Results of UV Imaging of MUPS Tablets

The outcomes showed that UV imaging worked well for tracking degradation inside the tablets. The predictions matched closely with HPLC results, proving the method’s reliability. Moreover, the technique detected even small amounts of salicylic acid despite the tablet’s protective coating.

Importantly, UV imaging did more than quantify. It created spatial maps that revealed where degradation occurred on the tablet surface. These maps gave new insights into stability that destructive tests could not provide. As a result, the method proved fast, precise, and suitable for quality control and stability studies.

Role of CELLETS® 700 in the Research

CELLETS® 700 played a key role in the experiment. These spherical microcrystalline cellulose pellets range from 700 to 1,000 µm. Their smooth, uniform surface made it easy to apply ASA and coatings evenly. In addition, their chemical stability ensured that imaging signals came only from the coating and degradation layers.

Because CELLETS® 700 are robust, they maintained their structure during compression. This consistency improved the reliability of UV imaging results. Thus, the choice of these pellet cores supported both the technical and analytical goals of the study.

Conclusion

UV imaging of MUPS tablets offers a powerful tool for monitoring stability and degradation. By combining multispectral imaging with statistical modeling, researchers gained accurate and non-destructive insights into tablet quality. CELLETS® 700 provided the structural foundation that made the method effective. Consequently, this approach holds promise as a process-analytical technology for pharmaceutical development and quality assurance.

References

UV imaging of multiple unit pellet system (MUPS) tablets: A case study of acetylsalicylic acid stability
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Volume 119, October 2017, Pages 447-453
Anna Novikova, Jens M. Carstensen, Thomas Rades, Claudia S. Leopold

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CELLETS® in Malodor Control Compositions

CELLETS® in Malodor Control Compositions: A Patent Overview

Introduction to Malodor Control Technology

CELLETS® in malodor control compositions mark a new step in odor management. Unpleasant smells from sulfur compounds, volatile organic compounds, aldehydes, and acids are often hard to control. Even more challenging are complex fishy odors that do not come from amines. Traditional solutions often fall short in both efficiency and usability.

The patent application US20250082809, filed by Kalykos LLC, introduces a new approach. It combines high-performance materials with practical handling benefits. As a result, the invention applies across personal care, healthcare, packaging, and industrial products.

The Patent’s Core Innovation

The patent centers on spherical activated carbon particles. These particles have high sphericity, which improves flow, reduces dust, and lowers abrasion. At the same time, they offer large surface areas and strong adsorption capacity. Because of these features, they capture difficult odors more effectively than irregular powders.

The compositions also include active agents such as acids, bases, or odor-neutralizing additives. Manufacturers can coat, spray, immerse, or blend these agents into the particles. This flexibility makes the system suitable for a wide range of products, from diapers and wound dressings to food packaging and air filters. Moreover, the spherical shape supports consistent coatings and safer handling during production.

The Role of CELLETS® in Malodor Control Compositions

A key highlight of this patent is the role of CELLETS®, also known as spherical cellulose particles. Unlike the activated carbon spheres, CELLETS® do not focus on adsorption. Instead, they work as carriers and support agents that improve the overall performance of the formulation.

CELLETS® come from microcrystalline cellulose and form into uniform spheres. Their size can range from 100 to 1400 micrometers. Because of their shape, they flow well, create little dust, and allow even coatings. These features make them valuable in manufacturing and product design.

In this system, CELLETS® can hold coatings of wax or phase change materials. They can also carry odor-control additives and release them in a controlled way (controlled release). Through this role, CELLETS® extend the active life of the carbon-based particles. They also add versatility, since different coatings or agents can adapt the product to specific needs.

When combined, activated carbon particles and CELLETS® create a dual system. The carbon provides strong odor adsorption. The cellulose spheres provide handling benefits, controlled release, and structural support. Together, they deliver a balanced and innovative solution.

Conclusion

The patent offers a major advance in odor control technology. It joins the adsorption strength of spherical carbon with the support and carrier functions of CELLETS®. This combination delivers both performance and usability. CELLETS® in malodor control compositions enhance reliability and open new possibilities for industries that demand effective and adaptable odor solutions.

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Delamination and wetting behavior of natural hot-melt coating materials
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Hot-Melt Coating Materials: Enhancing Pharmaceutical and Industrial Applications

Hot-melt coating materials improve efficiency and product quality in pharmaceutical and industrial manufacturing. They melt when heated and solidify quickly, forming strong, uniform coatings on various surfaces. As a result, manufacturers reduce production time, lower costs, and avoid using solvents. Furthermore, understanding wetting behavior and delamination is critical to optimize coating performance. For example, CELLETS® 1000 microcrystalline cellulose pellets serve as excellent starter cores, promoting uniform wetting and consistent coating thickness. Consequently, hot-melt coating materials have become a reliable solution for modern manufacturing needs.

Enhancing pharmaceutical and industrial applications by hot-melt coating materials

In the study titled Delamination and Wetting Behavior of Natural Hot-Melt Coating Materials, published in Powder Technology [1], the authors investigated the delamination and wetting behaviors of various natural materials. The research aimed to understand how these materials interact with substrates during the coating process, which is crucial for applications in the pharmaceutical industry. The study utilized laboratory coating experiments and micro-computed tomographic measurements to assess delamination frequency, and a drop shape analyzer to evaluate wetting behavior. Interestingly, the study found no correlation between delamination and wetting behavior, suggesting that other factors may influence delamination in hot-melt coatings.

Among the materials tested, CELLETS® 1000, a type of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) pellet with a size range between 1000 and 1400 µm, was highlighted for its suitability in hot-melt coating applications. These spherical pellets are known for their chemical inertness, low friability, high sphericity, and smooth surface, making them ideal as starter cores for multiparticulate drug delivery systems. In the context of the study, CELLETS® 1000 demonstrated excellent wetting properties with contact angles ranging from 10° to 18°, which is favorable for uniform coating. However, the study did not find a direct correlation between wetting behavior and delamination, indicating that other factors may play a more significant role in delamination during hot-melt coating processes. Researchers assume that delamination may have resulted from the different thermal expansion coefficients of the carrier particle and the coating material [2]. A change in temperature may have led to thermal stresses and may have promoted spalling or delamination. Subsequent swelling of a hygroscopic carrier material due to moisture could also lead to structural
changes in the coating structure and might cause delamination.

Use of CELLETS® in hot-melt coating processes

The use of CELLETS® in hot-melt coating processes offers several advantages. Their uniform size distribution and smooth surface contribute to consistent coating thickness and quality. Additionally, the chemical inertness of CELLETS® ensures compatibility with a wide range of coating materials, reducing the risk of undesirable interactions. These characteristics make CELLETS® a reliable choice for developing controlled-release formulations and enteric coatings in pharmaceutical applications.

In summary, the study underscores the importance of understanding the delamination and wetting behaviors of natural hot-melt coating materials. While CELLETS® 1000 exhibited favorable wetting properties, the lack of correlation between wetting behavior and delamination suggests that other factors should be considered when selecting materials for hot-melt coating processes. Further research is needed to identify these factors and optimize coating processes for improved product performance.

References

[1] B.M. Wörthmann et al., Powder Technology (404) 2022, 117443; doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117443.

[2] S. Ebnesajjad, A.H. Landrock, Introduction and adhesion theories, Adhesives Technology, Handbook, 38, Elsevier 2015, pp. 1–18; doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-35595-7.00001-2.

Understanding Hot-Melt Coating Materials

Hot-melt coating materials are thermoplastic substances that bond effectively to substrates when melted. Their melting point, adhesion properties, and chemical compatibility directly influence coating uniformity and durability. Therefore, selecting the correct material is crucial for minimizing delamination and ensuring product quality. Additionally, their solvent-free nature makes them environmentally friendly and cost-efficient.

Optimizing Coating with CELLETS®

CELLETS® offer significant advantages as starter cores in hot-melt coating processes. Their spherical shape and smooth surface promote uniform wetting and consistent coating thickness. Furthermore, their chemical inertness ensures compatibility with diverse coating materials, reducing the risk of unwanted interactions. Consequently, these MCC spheres support reliable and high-quality coating outcomes in both pharmaceutical and industrial applications.

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hydroxynorketamine modified-release dosage form ChatGPT Image 11. Juli 2025, 13_57_57
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Patent on hydroxynorketamine modified‑release dosage form for the use in the treatment of depression

Introduction

The development of a hydroxynorketamine modified-release dosage form marks an important advance in neuropsychiatric therapy. Hydroxynorketamine (HNK), a ketamine metabolite, shows rapid antidepressant activity through mechanisms different from ketamine itself. It works mainly by modulating α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and activating mTOR pathways.

This targeted action makes HNK a strong candidate as an active pharmaceutical ingredient with a favorable safety profile. Unlike ketamine, it avoids dissociative and addictive side effects. A modified-release form built with CELLETS®—uniform spherical pellets—offers tighter therapeutic control. It sustains plasma concentration, reduces peak-to-trough swings, and helps patients stay consistent with treatment.

In addition, the inert cores often range between 100 and 500 μm in size. A more refined range of 200 to 400 μm improves precision. About 90% of particles fall within this window, confirmed by sieve analysis. One example is CELLETS® 200, which demonstrates this particle size distribution effectively.

API Function and Patient Benefits

Hydroxynorketamine mainly acts by inhibiting α7-nicotinic receptors. This lowers intracellular Ca²⁺ and D-serine levels and reduces NMDA receptor excitotoxicity. At the same time, it boosts mTOR signaling and strengthens AMPA receptor function.

Together, these effects speed up synaptogenesis and create fast antidepressant responses. Evidence comes from both preclinical studies and early clinical findings. For patients, this means rapid mood elevation without ketamine-related side effects. Unlike ketamine, it does not cause hallucinations or carry strong abuse potential.

From a pharmacokinetic view, a modified-release dosage form improves consistency in therapy. It also simplifies dosing schedules and increases tolerability.

Modified‑release dosage Formulation with CELLETS®

The incorporation of CELLETS® into the modified‑release formulation provides several benefits. Their uniform size and high sphericity ensure consistent drug coating and predictable release. CELLETS® also enable multiparticulate dosing, which reduces variability and allows tailored release profiles.

For hydroxynorketamine (HNK), CELLETS® can carry specific polymer coatings such as ethylcellulose or Eudragit. These coatings dissolve or erode at controlled rates, releasing the API steadily over time. This method lowers peak systemic concentrations, which reduces side effects while maintaining efficacy.

Additionally, CELLETS® support monolithic layering or reservoir systems. This setup allows complex release patterns, such as an initial burst followed by sustained delivery. Such profiles are ideal for achieving a rapid onset and maintaining antidepressant effects in depression treatment.

Key Findings on Hydroxynorketamine modified‑release dosage form

In the disclosed patent (US 2025 0177325 A1), researchers describe a multiparticulate modified‑release system for hydroxynorketamine. They use CELLETS® as the core substrate. The CELLETS® carry successive polymer layers that control drug release. This design produces an initial release phase followed by prolonged delivery.

Pharmacokinetic modeling shows a flattened plasma-concentration profile, lower maximum concentration (Cmax), longer time to peak (Tmax), and higher area under the curve (AUC). Together, these factors maintain therapeutic HNK levels over time. This steady exposure may reduce rebound symptoms and cut dosing frequency. As a result, patient adherence improves, and treatment regimens may shift to once-daily or even less frequent dosing.

Conclusion and Outlook

In conclusion, the hydroxynorketamine modified‑release dosage form using CELLETS® offers a promising pharmaceutical approach. It leverages HNK’s unique mechanism as a non-dissociative antidepressant. Controlled release maximizes its clinical potential.

Cellet-based formulations improve pharmacokinetics, enhance tolerability, and increase convenience. These benefits could significantly help patients with treatment-resistant depression. Further work is needed, including in vitro−in vivo correlation studies, polymer selection optimization, and confirmatory clinical trials.

Looking ahead, this technology may expand HNK applications to other neuropsychiatric or neurodegenerative disorders. It provides a refined dosage form that meets both patient needs and therapeutic goals.

Patent Details

  • Name or patent: Hydroxynorketamine for the use in the treatment of depression
  • Patent number: US 20250177325 A1
  • Year of patent: 2025
  • Patent holder names and affiliation: (Names not specified in public abstract; likely the inventors assigned to their sponsoring institution or company as listed in patent document)

This summary underscores the innovative use of CELLETS® in creating a refined hydroxynorketamine modified-release dosage form that elevates both therapeutic performance and patient-centric outcomes.

hydroxynorketamine modified-release dosage form
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US20250186377A1 cellet‑based modified‑release gamma‑hydroxybutyrate formulation ChatGPT Image 11. Juli 2025, 13_12_09
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Patent on methods of administering gamma-hydroxybutyrate compositions with divalproex sodium

Introduction

Gamma‑hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is an endogenous neurotransmitter also used pharmaceutically—usually as sodium oxybate—for treating narcolepsy and related disorders. It exerts its therapeutic effects by modulating GABA_B receptors and promoting slow-wave sleep, alleviating cataplexy, and reducing excessive daytime sleepiness. Despite its efficacy, current twice-nightly dosing regimens present challenges: dose‑dumping in the presence of alcohol, variable pharmacokinetics depending on food intake, and patient inconvenience. To address these issues, modern formulations—and especially the innovative use of CELLETS® —pursue once-nightly controlled release.

API Benefits and Patient Advantages

Administering gamma‑hydroxybutyrate compositions in a modified‑release format brings multiple patient-centric benefits. A single nightly dose minimizes repeated nighttime awakenings and improves adherence. These formulations exhibit lower peak concentrations (C_max) with sustained therapeutic exposure (AUC)—achieving similar or better efficacy while reducing adverse events such as dizziness or nausea. This consistency is especially meaningful when dosing less than two hours after eating, which often is more convenient for patients; the controlled formulations are more forgiving of fed-state PK variability and less prone to alcohol-induced dose-dumping.

Use of CELLETS® in methods of administering gamma-hydroxybutyrate compositions

CELLETS® — spherical microcores used in multiparticulate drug delivery—are central to these modern GHB formulations. The patent US 20250186377 A1 introduces coated cellet-based microparticles that incorporate immediate-release (IR) and modified-release (MR) segments within a single unit dose. The MR portion involves CELLETS® (e.g. CELLETS® 90, CELLETS® 100 or CELLETS® 127, and other MCC beads) coated with polymers carrying free carboxyl groups combined with hydrophobic materials (e.g., high melting point waxes), engineered to delay GHB release until intestinal transit. CELLETS® enable precise layering, efficient coating, and reproducible drug release profiles while resisting pH- and alcohol-triggered dose dumping.

This multiparticulate approach achieves desired PK: IR CELLETS® ensure rapid onset while MR CELLETS® sustain plasma GHB levels up to 8 hours. In contrast to IR liquid sodium oxybate, the coated cellet formulation shows dose‑proportional C_max and AUC across doses of 4.5 g, 7.5 g, and 9 g, with most AEs clustering near C_max but at overall milder intensity. Remarkably, cellet-based formulations maintain comparable therapeutic exposure even with postprandial dosing, offering flexibility not seen in immediate-release forms.

Key Findings

The inventive cellet-based GHB composition delivers both immediate and controlled drug release in one unit, offering dose‑proportional pharmacokinetics and sustained therapeutic levels for 8 hours, under single-nightly dosing. It improves safety by reducing peak‑induced adverse events, lowers risk of alcohol‑related dose-dumping, and allows dosing within two hours after meals. Studies show comparable efficacy to twice-nightly IR sodium oxybate on sleep quality and daytime alertness, with better convenience and adherence.

Conclusion & Outlook

The patented cellet‑based modified-release formulation of GHB marks a significant advancement in administering gamma‑hydroxybutyrate compositions. By incorporating coated CELLETS® that combine IR and MR elements, this approach mitigates common limitations—meal dependency, alcohol interactions, multiple nightly doses—while preserving therapeutic efficacy. For patients with narcolepsy or cataplexy, this translates into improved sleep continuity, reduced daytime symptoms, and enhanced quality of life.

Looking ahead, further clinical evaluation could extend the CELLETS® platform to other formulations of gamma‑hydroxybutyrate salts or co‑therapies (e.g., with sodium valproate), further broadening the therapeutic utility. This modular, multiparticulate delivery system could set a new standard for nightly dosing regimens where controlled pharmacokinetics and patient preferences align.

Patent Details

  • Name/Title: cellet‑based modified‑release gamma‑hydroxybutyrate formulation

  • Patent Number: US 20250186377 A1

  • Year of Patent: 2025

  • Patent Holder(s): Not explicitly indicated in the publicly listed data, but associated inventors likely affiliated with pharmaceutical firms focusing on CNS therapeutics (e.g., Jazz Pharmaceuticals or Flamel Ireland).
US20250186377A1 cellet‑based modified‑release gamma‑hydroxybutyrate formulation ChatGPT Image 11. Juli 2025, 13_12_09
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microcrystalline cellulose for organic pollutants adsorption
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A regenerable microporous adsorbent based on microcrystalline cellulose for organic pollutants adsorption

Introduction

Fixed-bed column adsorption is an essential process in modern water treatment systems, widely implemented due to its continuous operation, ease of design, and applicability in large-scale systems. In this method, a contaminant-laden liquid passes through a column packed with adsorbent material, facilitating efficient contaminant removal before discharge or reuse. While effective for many pollutants, the removal of organic dyes—particularly synthetic types such as Methylene Blue—remains a formidable challenge due to their structural complexity, high solubility, and resistance to conventional degradation methods. These characteristics are especially problematic in pharmaceutical applications, where effluents must meet strict regulatory limits to prevent environmental and product contamination.

Organic dyes in pharmaceutical wastewater not only hinder downstream purification but also pose ecotoxicological risks when released into natural water bodies. As such, there is an ongoing demand for adsorbent materials that are effective, regenerable, and environmentally friendly. Within this framework, microcrystalline cellulose for organic pollutants adsorption represents a promising and sustainable approach.

Use of CELLETS® and experimental design

In the study referenced by DOI 10.5004/dwt.2019.23638 [1], researchers evaluated microcrystalline cellulose-based spherical pellets—commercially known as CELLETS® —for their potential to adsorb organic dyes from aqueous solutions. These pellets are manufactured via wet-granulation and extrusion processes, yielding highly uniform, spherical particles with low friability and high surface area. Such properties are ideal for both batch and dynamic (fixed-bed) adsorption studies due to predictable flow behavior and minimal mechanical breakdown under continuous operation.

Batch experiments were initially conducted using Methylene Blue as a model compound. Isotherm analysis revealed strong agreement with the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption with a maximum capacity of approximately 82 mg/g. Kinetic modeling confirmed that adsorption followed pseudo-second-order dynamics, suggesting chemisorption mechanisms dominated the process.

Key findings

The results showed that microcrystalline cellulose pellets offer a high specific adsorption capacity for Methylene Blue dye, consistent with Langmuir isotherm behavior. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model provided the best fit for experimental data, supporting a chemisorption-driven process. Notably, the physical structure of the CELLETS® 200 remained intact after multiple uses, and regeneration with dilute acids such as acetic and sulfuric acid restored a significant portion of the adsorption capacity without compromising structural integrity. These findings validate the use of microcrystalline cellulose for organic pollutants adsorption, especially where material longevity and repeat usability are essential.

Regeneration cycles and sustainability

One of the critical advantages of CELLETS® lies in their capacity for multiple regeneration cycles. The study demonstrated that after five adsorption-desorption cycles, more than 85% of the original adsorption capacity was retained, especially when 0.01 mol/L sulfuric acid was used as the desorbing agent. Minimal structural degradation was observed, which confirms the material’s resilience to chemical treatment. The efficient desorption and structural stability make these cellulose-based adsorbents both economically and environmentally viable, reducing the need for frequent replacement and waste generation—a key factor in large-scale industrial settings.

Column-scale modeling

Though the primary focus was on batch experiments, the implications of the findings extend to column-scale applications. The authors suggest that due to the spherical shape and low pressure drop of CELLETS®, these materials are ideally suited for packed-bed column use. Future studies are encouraged to employ dynamic modeling approaches such as Thomas, Yoon–Nelson, or Bohart–Adams models to predict breakthrough behavior under continuous flow. Such models would enable optimization of operational parameters (e.g., flow rate, bed height, and influent concentration) and facilitate scale-up for industrial applications.

The material’s excellent flowability and structural uniformity ensure homogeneous packing and minimized channeling—common issues in poorly engineered adsorbent beds. These features underscore the practical applicability of microcrystalline cellulose for organic pollutants adsorption in fixed-bed column configurations.

Comparative performance

Compared to other low-cost and industrial adsorbents—such as activated carbon, bentonite clay, or synthetic resins—microcrystalline cellulose offers several advantages. While activated carbon exhibits higher adsorption capacity per gram, it suffers from high cost, complex regeneration, and variable quality. Conversely, cellulose-based materials are biodegradable, inexpensive, and easier to functionalize chemically if needed.

Moreover, unlike biomass-based powders (e.g., sawdust or peanut shells), CELLETS® provide consistent performance due to controlled manufacturing processes. Their uniform size, sphericity, and mechanical strength reduce operational issues like clogging and channel formation in dynamic systems. These comparative strengths position microcrystalline cellulose for organic pollutants adsorption as a versatile solution in both environmental and industrial water treatment sectors.

Conclusion and outlook

The study presents compelling evidence for the effective use of CELLETS®, a form of microcrystalline cellulose, in the adsorption of organic pollutants such as Methylene Blue. With a high uptake capacity, favorable kinetic behavior, excellent reusability, and strong structural integrity, these cellulose-based pellets are well-suited for sustainable wastewater treatment applications. Their compatibility with both batch and fixed-bed systems broadens their potential for industrial implementation.

Looking ahead, further investigations should focus on scaling the process to pilot and industrial levels, applying column modeling techniques to optimize system design. Additionally, exploring chemical modifications to enhance selectivity and adsorption performance against a wider range of organic pollutants—including pharmaceutical residues and endocrine-disrupting compounds—will further elevate the role of microcrystalline cellulose for organic pollutants adsorption in advanced water treatment technologies.

References

[1] Daniela Suteu, Gabriela Biliuta, Lacramioara Rusu, Sergiu Coseri, Christophe Vial, Iulia Nica (Nebunu), Desalination and Water Treatment Volume 146, April 2019, Pages 176-187, doi:10.5004/dwt.2019.23638.

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CELLETS as new type of adsorbent
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Cellulose CELLETS as new type of adsorbent for the removal of dyes from aqueous media

Abstract

CELLETS, a new type of adsorbent, have emerged as a promising solution in water treatment. They are particularly effective in fixed-bed column systems for removing persistent organic pollutants, such as synthetic dyes. This summary reflects research published by Suteu et al. [1].

Fixed-bed adsorption is a well-established filtration method. It allows continuous treatment of contaminated water by passing it through a packed column filled with adsorbent material. Its advantages include high throughput, easy operation, scalability, and adaptability to various industrial settings. However, one enduring challenge is the effective removal of dyes. These molecules, especially from pharmaceutical and chemical effluents, have complex aromatic structures, high chemical stability, and resistance to biodegradation.

Dyes, both cationic and anionic, are not only visually polluting but also potentially toxic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic. In pharmaceutical wastewater, even trace levels can disrupt downstream processes or contaminate the environment. Consequently, this raises concerns for human and ecological health. Conventional adsorbents, such as activated carbon and ion-exchange resins, are effective but have limitations. They are costly, inefficient to regenerate, and prone to fouling.

In this context, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) cellets offer a novel approach. Their spherical shape, uniform particle size, mechanical resilience, and hydrophilic surface make them suitable for packed-bed applications. This study examines cellets’ performance in removing representative dyes from aqueous media. By focusing on CELLETS as a new type of adsorbent, the research addresses a critical gap. It offers a sustainable, cost-effective, and scalable solution for dye-laden industrial wastewater, particularly under the stringent requirements of the pharmaceutical sector.

Introduction

Fixed-bed column techniques are essential filtration systems. In these systems, a fluid stream passes continuously through a packed bed of adsorbent material. They are valued for operational simplicity, scalability, and continuous processing—key features for industrial and pharmaceutical wastewater treatment. However, removing dyes remains a major challenge. These molecules are complex, often toxic, and chemically stable, resisting conventional treatment. In pharmaceutical effluents, even trace dye residues can pose serious safety risks and violate strict regulatory limits.

This study investigates CELLETS® as a new type of adsorbent in fixed-bed columns. CELLETS® are spherical microcrystalline cellulose pellets. They are tested for their ability to remove both cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous streams. Thanks to their uniform geometry, mechanical strength, and biocompatibility, CELLETS® show promise in overcoming the limitations of current dye removal methods.

Use of cellulose CELLETS as new type of adsorbent

CELLETS® are uniformly sized spherical pellets made of microcrystalline cellulose. They are typically available in diameters ranging from 100 µm to 500 µm. Their narrow size distribution, smooth surface, and water-insoluble nature reduce friability and minimize clogging. As a result, they are ideal for packed-bed applications [1]. In this study, CELLETS® 200 and CELLETS® 350 served as the fixed-bed medium.

First, the authors characterized their morphology, including sphericity, porosity, and mechanical stability. Then, they applied CELLETS® in fixed-bed column experiments to remove model dyes: Methylene Blue (cationic) and Brilliant Red HE‑3B (anionic).

Additionally, batch experiments were performed to establish equilibrium, kinetics, and isotherm parameters before column testing. In the fixed-bed setup, breakthrough curves were recorded under different operational conditions, such as flow rate, bed height, and influent dye concentration. These tests revealed how CELLETS® perform under dynamic conditions.

Key Findings

The study revealed that CELLETS® exhibit strong adsorption capabilities for both cationic and anionic dyes, performing comparably to other biosorbents used in dynamic treatment systems. The breakthrough curves demonstrated that column performance could be modulated by operational parameters: increasing bed height extended breakthrough time and improved capacity, while higher flow rates accelerated breakthrough due to mass transfer limitations. Mathematical models commonly used for fixed-bed adsorption (Thomas, Yoon–Nelson, Bohart–Adams) fit the experimental data well, enabling the extraction of key design parameters for scale-up. Notably, CELLETS® displayed mechanical robustness, sustaining repeated adsorption–desorption cycles (through mild acid or ethanol washout) with over 80 % retention of initial capacity [1,2]. Their spherical geometry resulted in low pressure drop and uniform flow, mitigating common issues like channeling and bed compaction.

Conclusion & Outlook

This study convincingly positions CELLETS® as a compelling new type of adsorbent for dye removal in fixed-bed systems. Their blend of favorable adsorptive properties, structural resilience, and hydraulic stability make them attractive for continuous water treatment processes, especially where regulatory constraints demand high effluent quality. The renewable nature of microcrystalline cellulose adds environmental value, aligning with sustainable treatment practices.

Future research directions include enhancing CELLETS®’ adsorption capacity via surface functionalization (e.g., with carboxyl or amine moieties) to target specific pollutants, extending studies with real industrial and pharmaceutical effluents, and integrating CELLETS®-based systems with complementary treatment processes such as membrane filtration or advanced oxidation. Pilot-scale studies and economic assessments will be essential to advance CELLETS® from lab-scale validation to industrial adoption.

By demonstrating CELLETS® as new type of adsorbent, this publication highlights their promising role in addressing the persistent challenge of dye removal in fixed-bed column systems—offering a scalable, effective, and sustainable solution for complex aqueous pollution.

References

[1] Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 2015, Vol.14, No. 3, 525-532; http://www.eemj.icpm.tuiasi.ro/pdfs/vol14/no3/full/4_998_Suteu_14.pdf

[2] Fixed-bed-column studies for methylene blue removal by CELLETS

[3] Renewable Resource Biosorbents: Granulated Cellulose CELLETS 200 for Organic Pollutants Adsorption in Fixed-Bed Column Systems, Separations 2023, 10(2), 143; doi:10.3390/separations10020143

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Cellets 200 for organic pollutants adsorption
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Renewable Resource Biosorbents: Granulated Cellulose CELLETS 200 for Organic Pollutants Adsorption in Fixed-Bed Column Systems

Introduction

Fixed-bed column techniques are widely applied in water and wastewater treatment to achieve continuous adsorption of pollutants. In these systems, aqueous effluent flows through a packed bed of adsorbent material, offering operational simplicity, easy scale-up, and consistent performance—critical features in industrial and pharmaceutical settings. However, removing dyes from pharmaceutical effluents presents unique challenges: dyes are structurally complex, resistant to biodegradation, and often toxic or carcinogenic even at trace levels. Pharmaceutical industries demand exceptionally high water quality, making dye removal both technically difficult and economically significant.

This study evaluates granulated cellulose CELLETS® 200 for organic pollutants adsorption in fixed-bed systems. CELLETS® 200, composed of microcrystalline cellulose, are spherical pellets with defined particle size and porosity, designed to serve as a sustainable biosorbent. Their uniform granulation minimizes bed channeling and pressure drop—common operational issues—while their renewable nature supports greener treatment practices.

Use of CELLETS® 200 for organic pollutants adsorption

In the reported research, Granulated CELLETS® 200 were packed into vertical fixed-bed columns to treat aqueous solutions containing model organic dyes. Prior to column testing, batch experiments were used to determine equilibrium and kinetic parameters, ensuring reliable interpretation of breakthrough behavior. Columns were operated under controlled conditions—including flow rate, temperature (20 °C), and influent concentration—to monitor how CELLETS® 200 performed dynamically. Breakthrough curves were generated to assess adsorption capacity over time, and mathematical models (Thomas, Yoon–Nelson, Bohart–Adams) were applied to approximate performance and guide scale-up efforts.

Key Findings

Granulated cellulose CELLETS® 200 demonstrated effective uptake of cationic dyes such as Methylene Blue in a continuous-flow setup. The fixed-bed columns showed clear breakthrough profiles: bed depth and lower flow rates correlated with delayed breakthrough and increased total adsorption, confirming that the system response is highly dependent on operational variables. The experimental breakthrough data matched well with established fixed-bed adsorption models, suggesting predictable performance in larger-scale applications. Additionally, the mechanical integrity of CELLETS® 200—owing to their spherical shape and granulated structure—ensured low pressure drop and mitigated flow channeling even over extended operation. The study also underscored that CELLETS® 200 can be regenerated through mild washing treatments, maintaining a significant fraction of their capacity across multiple cycles. These findings reinforce the suitability of granulated cellulose CELLETS® 200 for organic pollutants adsorption in fixed-bed systems tailored to industrial effluents.

Conclusion & Outlook

The investigation confirms that granulated cellulose CELLETS® 200 for organic pollutants adsorption offers a sustainable, efficient biosorbent option for fixed-bed column processes, particularly in the removal of indelible dye molecules from pharmaceutical wastewater. The combination of green material sourcing, predictable and scalable performance, low hydraulic resistance, and reusability highlights CELLETS® 200 as a practical alternative to conventional adsorbents like activated carbon.

Future research should explore surface functionalization—such as the introduction of carboxyl or amine groups—to improve selectivity and capacity for various organic pollutants, including pharmaceutical remnants beyond dyes. Pilot-scale validations using actual industrial effluents, alongside techno-economic assessments and lifecycle analyses, will be essential to confirm the feasibility and environmental benefits of integrating CELLETS® 200 into full-scale wastewater treatment operations.

By showcasing granulated cellulose CELLETS® 200 for organic pollutants adsorption, this study advances the dialogue on sustainable biosorbents in fixed-bed systems, offering a strong foundation for both academic and industrial uptake of cellulose-based solutions in water treatment.

References

[1] Separations 2023, 10(2), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10020143 (PDF)

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