CELLETS® are pellets or spheres made of microcrystalline cellulose. The size ranges from 100 µm to 1400 µm. Being neutral starter cores, they can be used as carrier system for low-dosed APIs and allow diverse functional coating. See pellet technologies for a detailed description.

Electron microscopy yield perfect imaging data of the MCC pellets’ surfaces. Magnification: 250x, working distance 8.0 mm, voltage: 10 keV.

Available size classes are (click for more information):

CELLETS® 100
CELLETS® 200
CELLETS® 350
CELLETS® 500
CELLETS® 700
CELLETS® 1000

Any size class of CELLETS® have same striking advantages:

low friability and extreme hardness
insolubility in water
high spherictity
smooth surface
good monodispersity

See case studies to see these starter pellets in action!

CELLETS®, CELLETS® 100, CELLETS® 1000, CELLETS® 200, CELLETS® 350, CELLETS® 500, CELLETS® 700

Scientific Literature on MCC Pellets: Insights into CELLETS®

Research Advances in MCC Pellet Technology and Applications

Scientific literature on MCC pellets highlights the growing importance of CELLETS® in pharmaceutical and scientific research. These microcrystalline cellulose spheres play a key role in developing reliable multiparticulate drug delivery systems. Researchers have investigated improved rivaroxaban dissolution, efficient film coating kinetics, and their use in orally disintegrating films. In addition, studies focus on colon-targeted vitamin B₂ release and fluidized-bed coating performance. Moreover, academic theses explore uniform hot-melt coating techniques and detailed modeling of tablet disintegration. As a result, MCC pellets continue to prove their versatility across many dosage forms. Consequently, this expanding body of literature reinforces the value of CELLETS® in advancing modern drug delivery technologies.

Selected Scientific literature on MCC pellets

Please, find scientific literature on MCC pellets (CELLETS®), MCC spheres. This list is constantly updated and does not claim to be complete. If you are author, scientist or R&D specialist, please submit your present publication to us for improving the visibility.

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2026

Research article
High-Potency Pellet Microdosing Technology: A smart and easy way for production of low-dose active-ingredient capsules.
Tech4Pharma, 16(2), 2026, 58
A. Grave, E. Sternberger-Rützel

Research article
Formulation and Functional Characterization of a Novel Co-Processed Excipient for Direct Compression: Evaluation by the SeDeM Expert System
Preprint; doi: 10.20944/preprints202604.0109.v1
A. Ciurba, P. Antonoaea, E.-M. Rédai, A. Pintea, C. Pintea, A.-A. Cojocariu, M. Bîrsan, M.-F. Mihalcea, R.-A. Vlad

Research article
Challenges in the Oral Administration of Gastro-Resistant Formulations: The Role of Vehicles and Bottled Waters
Pharmaceutics 2026, 18(4), 453; doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics18040453
A.K. Demeter, D. Farkas, M. Király, Á.T. Barna, K. Ludányi, I. Antal, N. Kállai-Szabó

Poster
Investigation of Pellet Agglomeration in Fluidised Bed Coating Processes: Influences of Size, Material, and Dispersion
Poster contribution, 2026
R. Jurek; M. Lachmann; E. Kempnich; K. Köhler

Research article
Pharmaceutical development of composition of effervescent tablets with acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol, and ascorbic acid
Pharmaceutical Science Advances 4 (2026) 100123. doi: 10.1016/j.pscia.2026.100123
O. Panysheva

Research article
Enhancement of the Solubility and Dissolution Profile of Rivaroxaban by the Antisolvent Precipitation Technique: A Promising Approach
Polymers 2026, 18(9), 1134; doi: 10.3390/polym18091134
C. M. Benga, E. A. Ozon, A. M. Musuc, V. Anuța, I. Sârbu, V.-A. Surdu, F. Teodorescu, A. Rusu, L. Popa, M. V. Ghica, A. Chandak, C. E. D. Pîrvu

Research article
Modelling of Rheological Properties of Pharmaceutical Powder Mixtures for Direct Compression: A Statistical Approach
PharmSciTech 27, 121 (2026). doi: https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-026-03359-w
P. Komínová, M. Gajdošová, D. Smrčka, P. Zámostný

Book
Pediatric Formulations – Micropellets: A Modern Multiparticulate Technology Platform for Pediatric Medicines | Springer Nature Link
Springer Cham (17 February 2026), ISBN 978-3-031-77239-9
H. Batchelor, K. Rose (Editors)

Book
GLATT-Wirbelschichttechnologie zum Coating von Pulvern, Pellets und Mikropellets
Springer-Verlag GmbH (02 January 2026), ISBN 978-3-662-71411-9 (print), 978-3-662-71412-6 (online); doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-71412-6_4
Annette Grave & Norbert Pöllinger

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2025

Research article
Sustainable nanoarchitectonics of cellulose-derived spherical activated carbon for efficient uremic toxin removal in pharmaceutical applications
Materials & Design 259 (2025) 114892. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114892
K. Shin, S.-B. Kim, Y.-H. Kim, D.-D. Kim, S.-Y. Lee, S.-J. Park

Research article
The Development and Characterization of Layered Pellets Containing a Combination of Amorphized Amlodipine Besylate and Hydrochlorothiazide Using a High-Shear Granulator
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(10), 1496. doi: 10.3390/ph18101496
A. A. K. Mahmoud, K. Ludasi, D. G. Dobó, D. Sebők, Á. Kukovecz, V. Hornok, K. Sajdik, T. Szabó, T. Sovány, G. Regdon, K. Kristó

Research article
Ultrasound Imaging of Artificial Tongues During Compression and Shearing of Food Gels on a Biomimetic Testing Bench
Journal of Texture Studies (2025) 56:e70030. doi: 10.1111/jtxs.70030
M. Glumac, J.-L. Gennisson, V. Mathieu

Research article
In vitro validation of colon delivery of vitamin B2 through a food grade multi-unit particle system
International Journal of Pharmaceutics (2025), 675, 125546. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125546
M. Wolfgang, J. Poms, V. Herndler, I. Huegel, T. Kipping, M. Spoerk, J.G. Khinast

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2024

Research article
In vitro validation of colon delivery of vitamin B2 through a food grade multi-unit particle system
Wageningen Academic (2024), eISSN: 1876-2891; doi:10.1163/18762891-bja00045
R.E. Steinert, W. Sybesma, R. Duss, A. Rehman, M. Watson, T.C. van den Ende, E. Funda

Research article
Homogeneity and mechanical properties of orodispersible films loaded with pellets
Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2024, 114537; doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114537
K. Centkowska, M. Szadkowska, M. Basztura, M. Sznitowska

Patent
Extended-release compositions comprising atomoxetine
United States Patent Application 20240299307A1

Patent
Extended release compositions comprising pyridostigmine
United States Patent Application 20240299305A1

Research article
Influence of Polymer Film Thickness on Drug Release from Fluidized Bed Coated Pellets and Intended Process and Product Control
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(10), 1307; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16101307
M. Langner, F. Priese, and B. Wolf

Thesis
Characterization of dense granular flows using a continuous chute flow rheometer
Purdue University, School of Materials Engineering, West Lafayette, Indiana, posted on 2024-07-20, 03:12
Kayli Lynn Henry

Research article
The Increase in the Plasticity of Microcrystalline Cellulose Spheres’ When Loaded with a Plasticizer
Pharmaceutics (2024), 16(7), 945; doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070945
A. Paulausks, T. Kolisnyk, V. Mohylyuk

Research article
The development of an innovative method to improve the dissolution performance of rivaroxaban
Heliyon 10(12), 2024, e33162; doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33162
E.A. Ozon, E. Mati, O. Karampelas, V. Anuta, I. Sarbu, A.M. Musuc, R.-A. Mitran, D.C. Culita, I. Atkinson, M. Anastasescu, D. Lupuliasa, M.A. Mitu

Thesis
Uniform and homogenous hot-melt coating in a Wurster fluidized bed
TUM School of Life Sciences der Technischen Universität München, 2024
B. M. Wörthmann

Thesis
Modelling the disintegration of pharmaceutical tablets: integrating a single particle swelling model with the discrete element method
University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, CMAC National Facility, 2024, Thesis identifier T16863
M. Soundaranathan

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2023

Research article
Paediatric solid oral dosage forms for combination products: Improving in vitro swallowability of minitablets using binary mixtures with pellets
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (2023), 187, 106471; doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106471
A. Avila-Sierra, A. Lavoisier, C. Timpe, P. Kuehl, L. Wagner, C. Tournier, M. Ramaioli

Research article
Continuous Manufacturing of Cocrystals Using 3D-Printed Microfluidic Chips Coupled with Spray Coating
Pharmaceuticals (2023), 16(8), 1064; doi:10.3390/ph16081064
A. Kara, D. Kumar 2, A.M. Healy, A. Lalatsa, and D.R. Serrano

Research article
High-Speed Tableting of High Drug-Loaded Tablets Prepared from Fluid-Bed Granulated Isoniazid
Pharmaceuticals (2023), 15(4), 1236; doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15041236
V. Mohylyuk, and D. Bandere

Research article
The Effect of Design and Size of the Fluid‑Bed Equipment on the Particle Size‑Dependent Trend of Particle Coating Thickness and Drug Prolonged‑Release Profile
AAPS PharmSciTech (2023) 24, 93. doi:10.1208/s12249-023-02540-9
T. Brezovar, G. Hudovornik, M. Perpar, M. Luštrik, R. Dreu

Research article
Amorphous Solid Dispersions Layered onto Pellets—An Alternative to Spray Drying?
Pharmaceutics (2023) 15(3), 764. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15030764
M. Neuwirth, S.K. Kappes, M.U. Hartig, K.G. Wagner

Research article
Optimization of Fluidized-Bed Process Parameters for Coating Uniformity and Nutrient-Release Characteristics of Controlled-Release Urea Produced by Modified Lignocellulosic Coating Material
Agronomy (2023) 13(3), 725. doi:10.3390/agronomy13030725
A.M. Ali, B. Azeem, A.M. Alghamdi, K. Shahzad, A. Ahmad Al-Zahrani, M. Imtiaz Rashid, A. Binti Mahpudz, A. Jamil

Research article
Hydrodynamic behaviour of CELLETS® (Ph.Eur./USP) in a spouted bed using image processing method
Particuology (2023), 76, 101-112, doi:10.1016/j.partic.2022.07.009
J. Vanamu, A. Sahoo

Thesis
Oral delivery of microbiome-modulating synbiotics derived from kefir via alginate encapsulation systems
School of Materials Science and Engineering (2023); doi: 10.32657/10356/164624
L.L. Tan

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2022

Research article
Product-Property Guided Scale-Up of a Fluidized Bed Spray Granulation Process Using the CFD-DEM Method
Processes (2022) 10(7), 1291. doi:10.3390/pr10071291
P. Kieckhefen, S. Pietsch-Braune, S. Heinrich

Research article
Influence of In Situ Calcium Pectinate Coating on Metoprolol Tartrate Pellets for Controlled Release and Colon-Specific Drug Delivery
Pharmaceutics (2022) 14(5), 1061. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051061
P. Wanasawas, A. Mitrevej, N. Sinchaipanid

Research article
Delamination and wetting behavior of natural hot-melt coating materials
Powder Technology (2022) 404, 117443. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117443
B.M. Woerthmann, L. Totzauer, H. Briesen

Research article
A systematic approach for assessing the suitability of enteral feeding tubes for the administration of controlled-release pellet formulations
International Journal of Pharmaceutics (2022) 612, 121286. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121286
F. Karkossa, N. Lehmann, S. Klein

Research article
Spray-freeze-dried lyospheres: Solid content and the impact on flowability and mechanical stability
Powder Technology (2022) 411, 117905. doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117905
A. Rautenberg, A. Lamprecht

Conference proceedings
Assessment of the effect of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) spheres size on the flow via powder rheology
The FORGE, 2022 – pure.qub.ac.uk; doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.14935.75688
V. Mohylyuk, R. Dattani

Research article
Solventless amorphization and pelletization using a high shear granulator. Part II; Preparation of co-amorphous mixture-layered pellets using indomethacin and arginine
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics (2022) 181, 183-194. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.11.011
K. Kondo, T. Rades

Research article
Solventless amorphization and pelletization using a high shear granulator. Part I; feasibility study using indomethacin
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics (2022) 181, 147-158. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.11.010
K. Kondo, T. Rades

Research article
Application of different models to evaluate the key factors of fluidized bed layering granulation and their influence on granule characteristics
Powder Technology (2022), 408:117737. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117737
R. Maharjan, S. H. Jeong

Research article
Evaluation of gravitational consolidation of binary powder mixtures by modified Heckel equation
Powder Technology (2022), 408:117729. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117729
P. Svačinová, O. Macho, Ž. Jarolímová, M. Kuentz, Ľ. Gabrišová and Z. Šklubalová

Research article
Integrated Purification and Formulation of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient via Agitated Bed Crystallization and Fluidized Bed Processing
Pharmaceutics (2022), 14(5)1058. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051058
M. W. Stocker, M. J. Harding, V. Todaro, A. M. Healy and S. Ferguson

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2021

Research article
Correlating Granule Surface Structure Morphology and Process Conditions in Fluidized Bed Layering Spray Granulation
KONA Powder and Particle Journal (2021), DOI:10.14356/kona.2022016
M. Orth, P. Kieckhefen, S. Pietsch and S. Heinrich

Research article
Relative bioavailability enhancement of simvastatin via dry emulsion systems: comparison of spray drying and fluid bed layering technology
Eur J Pharm Biopharm (2021), S0939-6411(21)00353-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.12.004
M. Pohlen, J. Aguiar Zdovc, J. Trontelj, J. Mravljak, M. G. Matjaž, I. Grabnar, T. Snoj and R. Dreu

Research article
A novel method for assessing the coating uniformity of hot-melt coated particles using micro-computed tomography
Powder Technology, Volume 378, Part A, 22 January 2021, Pages 51-59
B.M. Woerthmann, J.A. Lindner, T. Kovacevic, P. Pergam, F. Schmid, H. Briesen

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2020

Research article
Fixed-bed-column studies for methylene blue removal by cellulose CELLETS
Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 19 (2020), 2, 269-279
Iulia Nica, Gabriela Biliuta, Carmen Zaharia, Lacramioara Rusu, Sergiu Coseri, Daniela Suteu

Research article
Material specific drying kinetics in fluidized bed drying under mechanical vibration using the reaction engineering approach
Advanced Powder Technology, Volume 31, Issue 12, December 2020, Pages 4699-4713
Soeren E. Lehmann, Tobias Oesau, Alfred Jongsma, Fredrik Innings, Stefan Heinrich

Research article
Simulation of pellet coating in Wurster coaters
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 590, 30 November 2020, 119931
Hamid Reza Norouzi

Research article
Quantification of swelling characteristics of pharmaceutical particles
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 590, 30 November 2020, 119903
Mithushan Soundaranathan, Pattavet Vivattanaseth, Erin Walsh, Kendal Pitt, Blair Johnston, Daniel Markl

Short communication
Introduction of the energy to break an avalanche as a promising parameter for powder flowability prediction
Powder Technology, Volume 375, 20 September 2020, Pages 33-41
Žofie Trpělková, Hana Hurychová, Martin Kuentz, Barbora Vraníková, Zdenka Šklubalová

Research article
Easy to Swallow “Instant” Jelly Formulations for Sustained Release Gliclazide Delivery
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 109, Issue 8, August 2020, Pages 2474-2484
Simmi Patel, Nathan Scott, Kavil Patel, Valentyn Mohylyuk, William J. McAuley, Fang Liu

Research article
Regulating the pH of bicarbonate solutions without purging gases: Application to dissolution testing of enteric coated tablets, pellets and microparticles
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 585, 30 July 2020, 119562
Nathan Scott, Kavil Patel, Tariro Sithole, Konstantina Xenofontos, Valentyn Mohylyuk, Fang Liu

Research article
Measuring segregation characteristics of industrially relevant granular mixtures: Part II – Experimental application and validation
Powder Technology, Volume 368, 15 May 2020, Pages 278-285
Alexander M. Fry, Vidya Vidyapati, John P. Hecht, Paul B. Umbanhowar, Julio M. Ottinoa, Richard M. Lueptow

Research article
Non-uniform drug distribution matrix system (NUDDMat) for zero-order release of drugs with different solubility
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 581, 15 May 2020, 119217
Matteo Cerea, Anastasia Foppoli, Luca Palugan, Alic Melocchi, Lucia Zema, Alessandra Maroni, Andrea Gazzaniga

Research article
Effects of humidity on cellulose pellets loaded with potassium titanium oxide oxalate for detection of hydrogen peroxide vapor in powders
Powder Technology, Volume 366, 15 April 2020, Pages 348-357
Maria H. Kastvig, Cosima Hirschberg, Frans W.J. Van Den Berg, Jukka Rantanen, Mogens L. Andersen

Research article
In-line particle size measurement and process influences on rotary fluidized bed agglomeration
Powder Technology, Volume 364, 15 March 2020, Pages 673-679
Marcel Langner, Ivonne Kitzmann, Anna-Lena Ruppert, Inken Wittich, Bertram Wolf

Research article
Recent advance in delivery system and tissue engineering applications of chondroitin sulfate
Carbohydrate Polymers, Volume 230, 15 February 2020, 115650
Jun Yang, Mingyue Shen, Huiliang Wen, Yu Luo, Rong Huang, Liyuan Rong, Jianhua Xie

Research article
Fixed-bed-column studies for Methylene blue removal by Cellulose CELLETS
Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, Volume 19 (2), March 2020, 269-279
Iulia Nica, Gabriela Biliuta, Carmen Zaharia, Lacramioara Rusu, Sergiu Coseri, Daniela Suteu

Research article
Optimization and tracking of coating processes of pellets with polyvinylpyrrolidone solutions in an acoustic levitator
Powder Technology, Volume 360, 15 January 2020, Pages 1126-1133
Doris L. Wong, Anna-Lena Wirsching, Kai Betz, Andreas Reinbeck, Hans-Ulrich Moritz, Werner Pauer

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2019

Research article
A regenerable microporous adsorbent based on microcrystalline cellulose for organic pollutants adsorption
Desalination and Water Treatment Volume 146, April 2019, Pages 176-187
Daniela Suteu, Gabriela Biliuta, Lacramioara Rusu, Sergiu Coseri, Christophe Vial, Iulia Nica (Nebunu)

Research article
Measurement of hydrogen peroxide vapor in powders with potassium titanium oxide oxalate loaded cellulose pellets as probes
AAPS PharmSciTech, Volume 21(1):3, 11 Nov 2019
Maria H. Kastvig, Johan P. Bøtker, Ge Ge, Mogens L. Andersen

Research article
Wurster Fluidised Bed Coating of Microparticles: Towards Scalable Production of Oral Sustained-Release Liquid Medicines for Patients with Swallowing Difficulties
AAPS PharmSciTech, Volume 21(1):3, 11 Nov 2019
Valentyn Mohylyuk, Kavil Patel, Nathan Scott, Craig Richardson, Darragh Murnane, Fang Liu

Research article
Assessment of the effect of Cellets’ particle size on the flow in a Wurster fluid-bed coater via powder rheology
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 54, December 2019, 101320; doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101320
Valentyn Mohylyuk, Ioanna Danai Styliari, Dmytryi Novykov, Reiss Pikett, Rajeev Dattani

Research article
Particle electrification in an apparatus with a draft tube operating in a fast circulating dilute spout-fluid bed regime
Particuology, Volume 42, February 2019, Pages 146-153
Wojciech Ludwig

Research article
Development and evaluation of budesonide-based modified-release liquid oral dosage forms
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, Volume 54, December 2019, 101273
Federica Ronchi, Antonio Sereno, Maxime Paide, Ismaël Hennia, Pierre Sacré, George Guillaume, Vincent Stéphenne, Jonathan Goole, Karim Amighi

Research article
Evaluation of in-line particle measurement with an SFT-probe as monitoring tool for process automation using a new time-based buffer approach
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 128, 1 February 2019, Pages 162-170
Theresa Reimers, Jochen Thies, Stefan Dietrich, Julian Quodbach, Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch

Research article
In vitro and sensory tests to design easy-to-swallow multi-particulate formulations
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 132, 30 April 2019, Pages 157-162
Marco Marconati, Felipe Lopez, Catherine Tuleu, Mine Orlu, Marco Ramaioli

Research article
Numerical study of the hydrodynamics of fluidized beds operated under sub-atmospheric pressure
Chemical Engineering Journal, Volume 372, 15 September 2019, Pages 1134-1153
Sayali Zarekar, Andreas Bück, Michael Jacob, Evangelos Tsotsas

Research article
Solidification of carvedilol loaded SMEDDS by swirling fluidized bed pellet coating
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 566, 20 July 2019, Pages 89-100
J. Mandić, M. Luštrik, F. Vrečer, M. Gašperlin, A. Zvonar Pobirk

Research article
Quantitative bin flow analysis of particle discharge using X-ray radiography
Powder Technology, Volume 344, 15 February 2019, Pages 693-705
Sanket Bacchuwar, Vidya Vidyapati, Ke-ming Quan, Chen-Luh Lin, Jan D. Miller

Research article
Adjustment of triple shellac coating for precise release of bioactive substances with different physico-chemical properties in the ileocolonic region
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 564, 10 June 2019, Pages 472-484>
Eva-Maria Theismann, Julia Katharina Keppler, Jörg-Rainer Knipp, Daniela Fangmann, Esther Appel, Stanislav N. Gorb, Georg H. Waetzig, Stefan Schreiber, Matthias Laudes, Karin Schwarz

Research article
The analysis of the influence of the normal restitution coefficient model on calculated particles velocities by means of Eulerian-Lagrangian approach
Powder Technology, Volume 344, 15 February 2019, Pages 140-151
Wojciech Ludwig, PaweƚPłuszka

Research article
Measurement of granule layer thickness in a spouted bed coating process via optical coherence tomography
Powder Technology, Volume 356, November 2019, Pages 139-147
Swantje Pietsch, Anna Peter, Patrick Wahl, Johannes Khinast, Stefan Heinrich

Research article
A novel method of quantifying the coating progress in a three-dimensional prismatic spouted bed
Particuology, Volume 42, February 2019, Pages 137-145
Swantje Pietsch, Finn Ole Poppinga, Stefan Heinrich, Michael Müller, Michael Schönherr, Frank Kleine Jäger

Research article
Development and evaluation of an omeprazole-based delayed-release liquid oral dosage form
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 567, 15 August 2019, 118416
Federica Ronchi, Antonio, Sereno, Maxime Paide, Pierre Sacré, George Guillaume, Vincent Stéphenne, Jonathan Goole, Karim Amighi

Research article
Influence of separation properties and processing strategies on product characteristics in continuous fluidized bed spray granulation
Powder Technology, Volume 342, 15 January 2019, Pages 572-584
Daniel Müller, Andreas Bück, Evangelos Tsotsas

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2018

Short communication
Novel production method of tracer particles for residence time measurements in gas-solid processes
Powder Technology, Volume 338, October 2018, Pages 1-6
Swantje Pietsch, Paul Kieckhefen, Michael Müller, Michael Schönherr, Frank Kleine Jäger, Stefan Heinrich

Research article
The effect of administration media on palatability and ease of swallowing of multiparticulate formulations
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 551, Issues 1–2, 15 November 2018, Pages 67-75
Felipe L. Lopez, Terry B. Ernest, Mine Orlu, CatherineTuleu

Research article
Exploring a Modern Control Strategy for Wurster Coating
Pharmaceutical Technology, 2018, 43(8), 453
E. Godek, C. O’Callaghan, I. Jones, P. Patel

Research article
Compressibility and tablet forming ability of bimodal granule mixtures: Experiments and DEM simulations
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 540, Issues 1–2, 5 April 2018, Pages 120-131
Josefina Nordström, Göran Alderborn, Göran Frenning

Research article
Effects of pharmaceutical processes on the quality of ethylcellulose coated pellets: Quality by design approach
Powder Technology, Volume 339, November 2018, Pages 25-38
Prakash Thapa, Ritu Thapa, Du Hyung Choi, Seong Hoon Jeong

Research article
Euler-Lagrange model of particles circulation in a spout-fluid bed apparatus for dry coating
Powder Technology, Volume 328, 1 April 2018, Pages 375-388
Wojciech Ludwig, Paweł Płuszka

Research article
Inline acoustic monitoring to determine fluidized bed performance during pharmaceutical coating
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 549, Issues 1–2, 5 October 2018, Pages 293-298
Allan Carter, Lauren Briens

Research article
Sifting segregation of ideal blends in a two-hopper tester: Segregation profiles and segregation magnitudes
Powder Technology, Volume 331, 15 May 2018, Pages 60-67
Mariagrazia Marucci, Banien Al-Saaigh, Catherine Boissier, Marie Wahlgren, Håkan Wikström

Conference abstract
Multiple unit mini-tablets: Content uniformity issues
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 536, Issue 2, 5 February 2018, Pages 506-507
Anna Kira Adam, Jörg Breitkreutz

Research article
Influence of gas inflow modelling on CFD-DEM simulations of three-dimensional prismatic spouted beds
Powder Technology, Volume 329, 15 April 2018, Pages 167-180
Paul Kieckhefen, Swantje Pietsch, Moritz Höfert, Michael Schönherr, Stefan Heinrich, Frank Kleine Jäger

Research article
A redispersible dry emulsion system with simvastatin prepared via fluid bed layering as a means of dissolution enhancement of a lipophilic drug
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 549, Issues 1–2, 5 October 2018, Pages 325-334
Mitja Pohlen, Luka Pirker, Matevž Luštrik, Rok Dreu

Review article
Overview of PAT process analysers applicable in monitoring of film coating unit operations for manufacturing of solid oral dosage forms
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 111, 1 January 2018, Pages 278-292
Klemen Korasa, Franc Vrečer

Research article
On the properties and application of beeswax, carnauba wax and palm fat mixtures for hot melt coating in fluidized beds
Advanced Powder Technology, Volume 29, Issue 3, March 2018, Pages 781-788
M.G. Müller, J.A. Lindner, H. Briesen, K. Sommer, P. Foerst

Research article
Novel hydrophilic matrix system with non-uniform drug distribution for zero-order release kinetics
Journal of Controlled Release, Volume 287, 10 October 2018, Pages 247-256
Matteo Cerea, Alessandra Maroni, Luca Palugan, Marco Bellini, Anastasia Foppoli, Alice Melocchi, Lucia Zema, Andrea Gazzaniga

Research article
Role of plasticizer in membrane coated extended release oral drug delivery system
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, Volume 44, April 2018, Pages 231-243
Pinak Khatri, Dipen Desai, Namdev Shelke, Tamara Minko

Research article
Evaluation of pellet cycle times in a Wurster chamber using a photoluminescence method
Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Volume 132, April 2018, Pages 1170-1179
Domen Kitak, Rok Šibanc, Rok Dreu

Research article
Influence of perforated draft tube air intake on a pellet coating process
Powder Technology, Volume 330, 1 May 2018, Pages 114-124
Matevž Luštrik, Rok Dreu, Matjaž Perpar

Research article
Optimising the in vitro and in vivo performance of oral cocrystal formulations via spray coating
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Volume 124, March 2018, Pages 13-27
Dolores R. Serrano, David Walsh, Peter O’Connell, Naila A. Mugheirbi, Zelalem Ayenew Worku, Francisco Bolas-Fernandez, Carolina Galiana, Maria Auxiliadora Dea-Ayuela, Anne Marie Healy

Research article

Research article
Mechanics of Pharmaceutical Pellets—Constitutive Properties, Deformation, and Breakage Behavior
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 107, Issue 2, February 2018, Pages 571-586
Alexander Russell, Rok Šibanc, Rok Dreu, Peter Müller

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2017

Research article
Production of composite particles using an innovative continuous dry coating process derived from extrusion
Advanced Powder Technology, Volume 28, Issue 11, November 2017, Pages 2875-2885
Fanny Cavaillès, Romain Sescousse, Alain Chamayou, Laurence Galet

Research article
Determination of the release mechanism of Theophylline from pellets coated with Surelease®—A water dispersion of ethyl cellulose
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 528, Issues 1–2, 7 August 2017, Pages 345-353
Jurgita Kazlauske, Maria Margherita Cafaro, Diego Caccavo, Mariagrazia Marucci, Gaetano Lamberti, Anna Angela Barba, Anette Larsson

Research article
In-line monitoring of multi-layered film-coating on pellets using Raman spectroscopy by MCR and PLS analyses
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Volume 114, May 2017, Pages 194-201
Jin Hisazumi, Peter Kleinebudde

Research article
Analysis of pellet coating uniformity using a computer scanner
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 533, Issue 2, 30 November 2017, Pages 377-382
Rok Šibanc, Matevž Luštrik, Rok Dreu

Research article
Modeling of particle velocities in an apparatus with a draft tube operating in a fast circulating dilute spout-fluid bed regime
Powder Technology, Volume 319, September 2017, Pages 332-345
Wojciech Ludwig, Daniel Zając

Research article
UV imaging of multiple unit pellet system (MUPS) tablets: A case study of acetylsalicylic acid stability
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Volume 119, October 2017, Pages 447-453
Anna Novikova, Jens M. Carstensen, Thomas Rades, Claudia S. Leopold

Research article
Influence of Water on the Structure and Dielectric Properties of the Microcrystalline and Nano-Cellulose
Nanoscale Res Lett 12, 468 (2017); doi: 10.1186/s11671-017-2231-5
Kovalov, K.M., Alekseev, O.M., Lazarenko, M.M.

Research article
New hybrid CPU-GPU solver for CFD-DEM simulation of fluidized beds
Powder Technology, Volume 316, 1 July 2017, Pages 233-244
H.R. Norouzi, R. Zarghami, N. Mostoufi

Research article
A top coating strategy with highly bonding polymers to enable direct tableting of multiple unit pellet system (MUPS)
Powder Technology, Volume 305, January 2017, Pages 591-596
Frederick Osei-Yeboah, Yidan Lan, Changquan Calvin Sun

Research article
Synthesis and melt processing of cellulose esters for preparation of thermoforming materials and extended drug release tablets
Carbohydrate Polymers, Volume 177, 1 December 2017, Pages 105-115
Sanna Virtanen, Riku Talja, Sauli Vuoti

Research article
Downstream drug product processing of itraconazole nanosuspension: Factors influencing drug particle size and dissolution from nanosuspension-layered beads
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 524, Issues 1–2, 30 May 2017, Pages 443-453
Johannes Parmentier, En Hui Tan, Ariana Low, Jan Peter Möschwitzer

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2016

Research article
In-line particle size measurement and agglomeration detection of pellet fluidized bed coating by Spatial Filter Velocimetry
Powder Technology, Volume 301, November 2016, Pages 261-267
Dimitri Wiegel, Günter Eckardt, Florian Priese, Bertram Wolf

Research article
Effect of formulation variables on oral grittiness and preferences of multiparticulate formulations in adult volunteers
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 92, 20 September 2016, Pages 156-162
Felipe L. Lopez, Alexandra Bowles, Mine Orlu Gul, David Clapham, Terry B. Ernest, Catherine Tuleu

Research article
Micropellet-loaded rods with dose-independent sustained release properties for individual dosing via the Solid Dosage Pen
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 499, Issues 1–2, 29 February 2016, Pages 271-279
Eva Julia Laukamp, Klaus Knop, Markus Thommes, Joerg Breitkreutz

Research article
Multivariate calibration of the degree of crystallinity in intact pellets by X-ray powder diffraction
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 502, Issues 1–2, 11 April 2016, Pages 107-116
Krisztina Nikowitz, Attila Domján, Klára Pintye-Hódi, Géza Regdon jr.

Research article
Towards improving quality of video-based vehicle counting method for traffic flow estimation
Signal Processing, Volume 120, March 2016, Pages 672-681
Yingjie Xia, Xingmin Shi, Guanghua Song, Qiaolei Geng, Yuncai Liu

Conference abstract
Multiple-unit orodispersible mini-tablets
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 511, Issue 2, 25 September 2016, Page 1128
Anna Kira Adam, Christian Zimmer, Stefan Rauscher, Jörg Breitkreutz

Research article
Asymmetric distribution in twin screw granulation
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Volume 106, September 2016, Pages 50-58
Tim Chan Seem, Neil A. Rowson, Ian Gabbott, Marcelde Matas, Gavin K. Reynolds, AndyIngram

Research article
Measurement of particle concentration in a Wurster coater draft tube using light attenuation
Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Volume 110, June 2016, Pages 20-31
R. Šibanc, I. Žun, R. Dreu

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2015

Research article
Two-dimensional particle shape analysis from chord measurements to increase accuracy of particle shape determination
Powder Technology, Volume 284, November 2015, Pages 25-31
D. Petrak, S. Dietrich, G. Eckardt, M. Köhler

Research article
Passive acoustic emission monitoring of pellet coat thickness in a fluidized bed
Powder Technology, Volume 286, December 2015, Pages 172-180
Taylor Sheahan, Lauren Briens

Research article
Tabletability Modulation Through Surface Engineering
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 104, Issue 8, August 2015, Pages 2645-2648
Frederick Osei-Yeboah, Changquan Calvin Sun

Research article
Cellulose CELLETS as new type of adsorbent for the removal of dyes from aqueous media
Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, Volume 14, Issue 3, March 2015, Pages 525-532
Daniela Suteu, Gabriela Biliuta, Lacramioara Rusu, Sergiu Coseri, Gabriela Nacu

Research article
Formulation and process optimization of multiparticulate pulsatile system delivered by osmotic pressure-activated rupturable membrane
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 480, Issues 1–2, 1 March 2015, Pages 15-26
Sheng-Feng Hung, Chien-Ming Hsieh, Ying-Chen Chen, Cheng-Mao Lin, Hsiu-O Ho, Ming-Thau Sheu

Research article
Dry Coating Characterization of Coverage by Image Analysis: Methodology
Procedia Engineering, Volume 102, 2015, Pages 81-88
Olivier Lecoq, Fredj Kaouach, Alain Chamayou

Research article
Passive acoustic emissions monitoring of the coating of pellets in a fluidized bed—A feasibility analysis
Powder Technology, Volume 283, October 2015, Pages 373-379
Taylor Sheahan, Lauren Briens

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2014

Research article
A New Apparatus for Real‐Time Assessment of the Particle Size Distribution of Disintegrating Tablets
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 103, Issue 11, November 2014, Pages 3657-3665
Julian Quodbach, Peter Kleinebudde

Research article
In-line spatial filtering velocimetry for particle size and film thickness determination in fluidized-bed pellet coating processes
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Volume 88, Issue 3, November 2014, Pages 931-938
Friederike Folttmann, Klaus Knop, Peter Kleinebudde, Miriam Pein

Research article
On-line monitoring of fluid bed granulation by photometric imaging
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Volume 88, Issue 3, November 2014, Pages 879-885
Ira Soppela, Osmo Antikainen, Niklas Sandler, Jouko Yliruusi

Research article
Application properties of oral gels as media for administration of minitablets and pellets to paediatric patients
International Journal of Pharmaceutics
Volume 460, Issues 1–2, 2 January 2014, Pages 228-233
Anna Kluk, Malgorzata Sznitowska

Research article
In-line monitoring of pellet coating thickness growth by means of visual imaging
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 470, Issues 1–2, 15 August 2014, Pages 8-14
Nika Oman Kadunc, Rok Šibanc, Rok Dreu, Boštjan Likar, Dejan Tomaževič

Research article
Optical microscopy as a comparative analytical technique for single-particle dissolution studies
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 469, Issue 1, 20 July 2014, Pages 10-16
Sami Svanbäck, Henrik Ehlers, Jouko Yliruusi

Research article
Formulation of itraconazole nanococrystals and evaluation of their bioavailability in dogs
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Volume 87, Issue 1, May 2014, Pages 107-113
Lieselotte De Smet, Lien Saerens, Thomas De Beer, Robert Carleer, Peter Adriaensens, Jan Van Bocxlaer, Chris Vervaet, Jean PaulRemon

Research article
Global monitoring of fluidized-bed processes by means of microwave cavity resonances
Measurement, Volume 55, September 2014, Pages 520-535
Johan Nohlert, Livia Cerullo, Johan Winges, Thomas Rylander, Tomas McKelvey, Anders Holmgren, Lubomir Gradinarsky, Staffan Folestad, Mats Viberg, Anders Rasmuson

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2013

Research article
Water-mediated solid-state transformation of a polymorphic drug during aqueous-based drug-layer coating of pellets
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 456, Issue 1, 1 November 2013, Pages 41-48
Andres Lust, Satu Lakio, Julia Vintsevits, Jekaterina Kozlova, Peep Veski, Jyrki Heinämäki, Karin Kogermann

Research article
Preparation and characterization of controlled-release doxazosin mesylate pellets using a simple drug layering-aquacoating technique
Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation (2013), 43:333–342. doi: 10.1007/s40005-013-0077-0
H. A. Hazzah, M. A. EL-Massik, O. Y. Abdallah & H. Abdelkader

Research article
Development of high drug loaded pellets by Design of Experiment and population balance model calculation
Powder Technology, Volume 241, June 2013, Pages 149-157
Florian Priese, Bertram Wolf

Research article
Particle sizing measurements in pharmaceutical applications: Comparison of in-process methods versus off-line methods
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Volume 85, Issue 3, Part B, November 2013, Pages 1006-1018
Ana F.T. Silva, Anneleen Burggraeve, Quenten Denon, Paul Van der Meeren, Niklas Sandler, Tom Van Den Kerkhof, Mario Hellings, Chris Vervaet, Jean Paul Remon, João Almeida Lopes, Thomas De Beer

Research article
Physical properties of pharmaceutical pellets
Chemical Engineering Science, Volume 86, 4 February 2013, Pages 50-60
Rok Šibanc, Teja Kitak, Biljana Govedarica, StankoSrčič Rok Dreu

Research article
Continuous pellet coating in a Wurster fluidized bed process
Chemical Engineering Science, Volume 86, 4 February 2013, Pages 87-98
N. Hampel, A. Bück, M. Peglow, E. Tsotsas

Research article
Study of the recrystallization in coated pellets – Effect of coating on API crystallinity
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 48, Issue 3, 14 February 2013, Pages 563-571
Krisztina Nikowitz, Klára Pintye-Hódi, Géza Regdon Jr.

Research article
The influence of rolling friction on the shear behaviour of non-cohesive pharmaceutical granules – An experimental and numerical investigation
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 49, Issue 2, 13 May 2013, Pages 241-250
Ann-Sofie Persson, Göran Frenning

Research article
Characteristics of pellet flow in a Wurster coater draft tube utilizing piezoelectric probe
Powder Technology, Volume 235, February 2013, Pages 640-651
Matevž Luštrik, Rok Šibanc, Stanko Srčič, Matjaž Perpar, Iztok Žun, Rok Dreu

Research article
Estimating coating quality parameters on the basis of pressure drop measurements in a Wurster draft tube
Powder Technology, Volume 246, September 2013, Pages 41-50
Matjaž Perpar, Matevž Luštrik, Rok Dreu, Stanko Srčič, Iztok Žun

Research article
Influence of Non-Water-Soluble Placebo Pellets of Different Sizes on the Characteristics of Orally Disintegrating Tablets Manufactured by Freeze-Drying
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 102, Issue 6, June 2013, Pages 1786-1799
Ulrike Stange, Christian Führling, Henning Gieseler

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2012

Research article
A density-based segmentation for 3D images, an application for X-ray micro-tomography
Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 725, 6 May 2012, Pages 14-21
Thanh N. Tran, Thanh T. Nguyen, Tofan A. Willemsz, Gijsvan Kessel, Henderik W. Frijlink, Kees van der Voort Maarschalk

Research article
Attrition and abrasion resistance of particles coated with pre-mixed polymer coating systems
Powder Technology, Volume 230, November 2012, Pages 1-13
G. Perfetti, F. Depypere, S. Zafari, P. van Hee, W.J. Wildeboer, G. M. H. Meesters

Research article
New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles and encapsulation
Powder Technology, Volume 225, July 2012, Pages 52-57
Roman G. Szafran, Wojciech Ludwig, Andrzej Kmiec

Research article
Particle size and packing characterization by diffuse light transmission
Particuology Volume 10, Issue 5, October 2012, Pages 619-627
Henrik Ehlers, Jyrki Heinämäki, Jouko Yliruusi

Research article
Dry Powder Coating in a Modified Wurster Apparatus
Procedia Engineering, Volume 42, 2012, Pages 437-446
W. Ludwig, R.G. Szafran, A. Kmiec, J. Dziak

Research article
Attrition strength of water-soluble cellulose derivative coatings applied on different core materials
Powder Technology, Volume 222, May 2012, Pages 71-79
Katarzyna Nienaltowska, Frédéric Depypere, Giacomo Perfetti, Gabrie M.H. Meesters, Frederik Ronsse, Jan G. Pieters, Koen Dewettinck

Research article
An experimental evaluation of the accuracy to simulate granule bed compression using the discrete element method
Powder Technology, Volume 219, March 2012, Pages 249-256
Ann-Sofie Persson, Göran Frenning

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2011

Research article
Understanding Fluidized-Bed Granulation
Pharmaceutical Technology 35 (8), 2011, 63-67
A. Burggraeve, T. Van Den Kerkhof, M. Hellings, J.P. Remon, C. Vervaet, T. De Beer

Research article
Dry particle high coating of biopowders: An energy approach
Powder Technology, Volume 208, Issue 2, 25 March 2011, Pages 378-382
S. Otles, O. Lecoq, J. A. Dodds

Research article
A density based segmentation method to determine the coordination number of a particulate system
Chemical Engineering Science, Volume 66, Issue 24, 15 December 2011, Pages 6385-6392
Thanh T. Nguyen, Thanh N. Tran, Tofan A. Willemsz, Henderik W. Frijlink, Tuomas Ervasti, Jarkko Ketolainen, Kees van der Voort Maarschalk

Research article
Study of the preparation of a multiparticulate drug delivery system with a layering technique
Powder Technology, Volume 205, Issues 1–3, 10 January 2011, Pages 155-159
Krisztina Nikowitz, Péter Kása Jr., Klára Pintye-Hódi, Géza Regdon Jr.

Research article
Effect of annealing time and addition of lactose on release of a model substance from Eudragit® RS coated pellets produced by a fluidized bed coater
Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Volume 89, Issue 6, June 2011, Pages 697-705
Ulrich M. Heckötter, Anette Larsson, Pornsak Sriamornsak, Mont Kumpugdee-Vollrath

Research article
Suspension pellet layering using PVA–PEG graft copolymer as a new binder
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 412, Issues 1–2, 30 June 2011, Pages 28-36
L. Suhrenbrock, G. Radtke, K. Knop, P. Kleinebudde

Research article
In-line particle sizing for real-time process control by fibre-optical spatial filtering technique (SFT)
Advanced Powder Technology, Volume 22, Issue 2, March 2011, Pages 203-208
Petrak Dieter, Dietrich Stefan, Eckardt Günter, Köhler Michael

Research article
Flowability of surface modified pharmaceutical granules: A comparative experimental and numerical study
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 42, Issue 3, 14 February 2011, Pages 199-209
Ann-Sofie Persson, Göran Alderborn, Göran Frenning

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2010

Research article
Labscale fluidized bed granulator instrumented with non-invasive process monitoring devices
Chemical Engineering Journal, Volume 164, Issues 2–3, 1 November 2010, Pages 268-274
Jari T. T. Leskinen, Matti-Antero H. Okkonen, Maunu M. Toiviainen, Sami Poutiainen, Mari Tenhunen, Pekka Teppola, Reijo Lappalainen, Jarkko Ketolainen, Kristiina Järvinen

Research article
X-ray micro tomography and image analysis as complementary methods for morphological characterization and coating thickness measurement of coated particles
Advanced Powder Technology, Volume 21, Issue 6, November 2010, Pages 663-675
Giacomo Perfetti, Elke Van de Casteele, Bernd Rieger, Willem J. Wildeboer, Gabrie M.H. Meesters

Research article
New insights into segregation during tabletting
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 397, Issues 1–2, 15 September 2010, Pages 19-26
S. Lakio, S. Siiriä, H. Räikkönen, S. Airaksinen, T. Närvänen, O. Antikainen, J.Yliruusi

Research article
Evaluation of in-line spatial filter velocimetry as PAT monitoring tool for particle growth during fluid bed granulation
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Volume 76, Issue 1, September 2010, Pages 138-146
A. Burggraeve, T. Van Den Kerkhof, M. Hellings, J.P. Remon, C. Vervaet, T. De Beera

Research article
Granule size distribution of tablets
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 99, Issue 4, April 2010, Pages 2061-2069
Satu Virtanen, Osmo Antikainen, Heikki Räikkönen, Jouko Yliruusi

Research article
Colorful Drying
AAPS PharmSciTech 11, 46–53 (2010); doi: 10.1208/s12249-009-9351-x
S. Lakio, J. Heinämäki, J. Yliruusi

Short communication
Can encapsulation lengthen the shelf-life of probiotic bacteria in dry products?
International Journal of Food Microbiology, Volume 136, Issue 3, 1 January 2010, Pages 364-367
F. Weinbreck, I. Bodnár, M.L. Marco

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2009

Research article
Impact of polymers on dissolution performance of an amorphous gelleable drug from surface-coated beads
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 37, Issue 1, 11 April 2009, Pages 1-10
Chon gFan, Rashmi Pai-Thakur, Wantanee Phuapradit, Lin Zhang, Hung Tian, Waseem Malick, Navnit Shah, M. Serpil Kislalioglu

Short communication
Raman spectroscopic investigation of film thickness
Polymer Testing, Volume 28, Issue 7, October 2009, Pages 770-772
T. Sovány, K. Nikowitz, G. Regdon Jr., P. Kása Jr., K. Pintye-Hódi

Research article
In vivo evaluation of the vaginal distribution and retention of a multi-particulate pellet formulation
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Volume 73, Issue 2, October 2009, Pages 280-284
Nele Poelvoorde, Hans Verstraelen, Rita Verhelst, Bart Saerens, Ellen De Backer, Guido Lopes dos Santos Santiago, Chris Vervaet, Mario Vaneechoutte, Fabienne De Boeck, Luc Van Borteld, Marleen Temmerman, Jean-Paul Remon

Research article
Modulating pH-independent release from coated pellets: Effect of coating composition on solubilization processes and drug release
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Volume 72, Issue 1, May 2009, Pages 111-118
Simon Ensslin, Klaus Peter Moll, Hendrik Metz, Markus Otz, Karsten Mäder

Research article
Dry Particle High-Impact Coating of Biopowders: Coating Strength
Particulate Science and Technology, Volume 27(4), 2009
S. Ötles, O. Lecoq, J. A. Dodds

Research article

Book
Formulation and Analytical Development for Low-Dose Oral Drug Products
John Wiley & Sons , inc. (2009), ISBN 978-0-470-05609-7
Jack Zheng (Editor)

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2008 and earlier

Research article
Attrition strength of different coated agglomerates
Chemical Engineering Science, Volume 63, Issue 5, March 2008, Pages 1361-1369
B. van Laarhoven, S.C.A. Wiers, S.H. Schaafsma, G.M.H. Meesters

Research article
Direct Drug Loading into Preformed Porous Solid Dosage Units by the Controlled Particle Deposition (CPD), a New Concept for Improved Dissolution Using SCF-Technology
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 97, Issue 10, October 2008, Pages 4416-4424
Ragna S. Wischumerski, Michael Türk, Martin A. Wahl

Research article
Optimisation of an enteric coated, layered multi-particulate formulation for ileal delivery of viable recombinant Lactococcus lactis
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Volume 69, Issue 3, August 2008, Pages 969-976
Nele Poelvoorde, Nathalie Huyghebaert, Chris Vervaet, Jean-Paul Remon

Research article
Dynamic rearrangement of disulfide bridges influences solubility of whey protein coatings
International Dairy Journal, Volume 18, Issue 5, May 2008, Pages 566-573
René Floris, Igor Bodnár, Fanny Weinbreck, Arno C. Alting

Research article
New insight into modified release pellets – Internal structure and drug release mechanism
Journal of Controlled Release, Volume 128, Issue 2, 4 June 2008, Pages 149-156
Simon Ensslin, Klaus Peter Moll, Kurt Paulus, Karsten Mäder

Research article
Development of an enteric-coated, layered multi-particulate formulation for ileal delivery of viable recombinant Lactococcus lactis
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Volume 61, Issue 3, October 2005, Pages 134-141
Nathalie Huyghebaert, An Vermeire, Pieter Rottiers, Erik Remaut, Jean Paul Remon

Research article
Evaluation of extrusion/spheronisation, layering and compaction for the preparation of an oral, multi-particulate formulation of viable, hIL-10 producing Lactococcus lactis
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Volume 59, Issue 1, January 2005, Pages 9-15
Nathalie Huyghebaert, An Vermeire, Sabine Neirynck, Lothar Steidler, Eric Remaut, Jean Paul Remon

Research article
Liquid absorption capacity of carriers in the food technology
Powder Technology, Volume 134, Issue 3, 30 September 2003, Pages 201-209
Heidi Lankes, Karl Sommer, Bernd Weinreich

15. June 2026/by Bastian Arlt

CELLETS®, CELLETS® 500

Delayed release oral pharmaceutical compositions: scientific background, patent insights, and future potential

Introduction to delayed release oral pharmaceutical compositions

Delayed release oral pharmaceutical compositions enable drug delivery at a defined time after oral administration. Unlike immediate release dosage forms, these systems control when the active pharmaceutical ingredient becomes available for absorption. As a result, they protect acid-sensitive drugs and allow targeted delivery to specific gastrointestinal regions. Moreover, delayed release forms can reduce gastric irritation and peak-related side effects. Therefore, they often improve patient tolerance and adherence. From a consumer compliance perspective, these formulations support simplified dosing schedules and more predictable therapeutic effects. Consequently, they play a key role in chronic therapies that demand long-term adherence and consistent drug exposure.

Summary of US12521351B1: delayed release oral pharmaceutical compositions

The patent US12521351B1 describes delayed release oral pharmaceutical compositions designed primarily for treating inflammatory bowel disease. Specifically, the invention focuses on multiparticulate systems containing mesalamine and hyaluronan within an oral capsule. These particles use an inert core that serves as a substrate for successive functional layers. First, a mesalamine-containing drug layer is applied. Next, a hyaluronan layer follows, which contributes both therapeutic and release-modifying functions. Finally, an outer coating controls the onset of drug release in the gastrointestinal tract.

Importantly, the patent emphasizes controlled release timing rather than simple gastro-resistance. The coating system delays drug exposure until the dosage form reaches intestinal regions associated with inflammation. As a result, the formulation minimizes drug loss in the stomach and improves local efficacy. Furthermore, the multiparticulate design allows uniform drug distribution throughout the intestine, which reduces variability in drug exposure.

In addition, the patent outlines manufacturing methods such as fluid-bed coating and encapsulation. These processes ensure reproducible layer thickness and particle size distribution. Consequently, the formulations achieve consistent dissolution behavior across batches. The patent also defines preferred ranges for core size, drug load, and coating thickness. Therefore, it provides a framework for scalable industrial production.

Overall, US12521351B1 demonstrates how delayed release oral pharmaceutical compositions can combine therapeutic targeting with patient-friendly oral delivery. By integrating functional excipients and structured layering, the invention advances existing mesalamine therapies toward improved clinical performance.

Technical considerations and formulation context

Delayed release oral drug forms differ fundamentally from uncontrolled release systems. While immediate release products dissolve rapidly after ingestion, delayed release formulations intentionally suppress early dissolution. Consequently, they reduce exposure in the stomach and shift drug availability to later intestinal segments. This distinction becomes critical for drugs that cause gastric irritation or degrade in acidic environments.

Dissolution profiles represent a central design parameter. Ideally, delayed release systems show minimal drug release under acidic conditions. Then, they exhibit a rapid and reproducible release once intestinal pH thresholds are reached. Therefore, formulators must carefully balance coating composition, thickness, and particle size. In addition, variability in gastrointestinal transit times must be considered during development.

However, delayed release formulations face several obstacles. Uniform coating of multiparticulates remains technically demanding. Moreover, small variations in process parameters can significantly affect release kinetics. Stability during storage also presents challenges, especially for moisture-sensitive coatings. As a result, robust process control and extensive dissolution testing are essential.

Within this patent context, CELLETS® 500 play a supportive yet important role. These microcrystalline cellulose starter cores provide a smooth, inert, and size-defined substrate. Consequently, they enable uniform drug layering and coating application. Their narrow particle size distribution improves batch reproducibility and dissolution consistency. Therefore, CELLETS® 500 contribute directly to the functional reliability of delayed release oral pharmaceutical compositions.

Conclusion and outlook

Delayed release oral pharmaceutical compositions continue to shape modern oral drug delivery. They align pharmacokinetics with disease physiology and patient needs. The US12521351B1 patent illustrates how structured multiparticulate systems can enhance intestinal targeting and therapeutic consistency. Looking ahead, advances in coating polymers, starter core technologies, and process analytics will further refine these formulations. Consequently, delayed release oral pharmaceutical compositions will remain central to improving efficacy, safety, and long-term patient compliance in oral therapies.

Patent Summary

Name of Patent: Delayed release oral pharmaceutical composition
Patent Number: US12521351B1
Year of Patent: 2026
Patent Holders: Tsung-Chung Wu, Yu-Chih Chen
Affiliation: Aihol Corp

2. April 2026/by Bastian Arlt

CELLETS®, CELLETS® 100, CELLETS® 200

Chewable formulations with MCC starter cores

Chewable formulations with MCC starter cores: Patient-centric design and pharmaceutical relevance

Chewable formulations with MCC starter cores are an advanced oral dosage form that combines patient-friendly administration with robust pharmaceutical performance. Thereby, patient refers includes humans and non-human mammalian animals, such as dogs, cats, mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, ferrets, cows, horses, sheep, goats, and pigs. At the outset, these formulations address a key challenge in drug therapy, namely patient compliance, by offering a dosage form that patients can chew without water. Consequently, they are particularly suitable for pediatric, geriatric, and veterinary applications. Moreover, chewable dosage forms allow formulators to improve taste, mouthfeel, and ease of use, which directly supports adherence to therapy. At the same time, MCC starter cores provide excellent mechanical stability, uniformity, and processing reliability. Therefore, they enable consistent drug loading, predictable disintegration, and scalable manufacturing. As a result, this combination creates significant opportunities for modern, patient-centric drug delivery.

Chewable formulations with MCC starter cores according to WO2022049149A1

The patent WO2022049149A1 describes chewable pharmaceutical compositions designed to disintegrate rapidly while maintaining acceptable texture and stability. In particular, the invention focuses on soft chewable dosage forms that contain at least one active pharmaceutical ingredient together with carbonate or bicarbonate compounds that act as efficient disintegrants. As a result, the dosage form breaks down quickly when exposed to aqueous or gastric media. This rapid disintegration directly supports fast and reproducible dissolution of the API. Furthermore, the patent emphasizes that surface structure, porosity, and wettability of the chewable matrix strongly influence drug release. Therefore, careful control of formulation and processing parameters becomes essential. The disclosed chewable products typically achieve disintegration within pharmacopeial limits and release a high proportion of the API within short dissolution times. In addition, the patent highlights the importance of balancing lipophilic excipients, since excessive hydrophobicity can delay disintegration. Consequently, the invention aims to deliver chewable dosage forms that combine good palatability with reliable pharmaceutical performance. Overall, the patent demonstrates how optimized excipient systems can overcome common limitations of chewable drugs while improving patient acceptance.

Chewable formulations with MCC starter cores

Advances, dissolution considerations, and API challenges in chewable dosage forms

Chewable formulations with MCC starter cores illustrate clear advances in chewable drug technology. First, the use of spherical MCC cores supports multiparticulate designs that improve content uniformity and process robustness. Moreover, these cores enable precise API layering, which enhances dose accuracy and reproducibility. When considering dissolution profiles, formulators must carefully manage core porosity, disintegrant efficiency, and wettability. Therefore, rapid liquid penetration and controlled matrix breakdown remain critical success factors. At the same time, APIs in chewable formulations face both obstacles and opportunities. On one hand, taste masking, stability, and dissolution control present technical challenges. On the other hand, chewable formats open new possibilities for poorly compliant patient groups and combination therapies. Consequently, successful products require a well-balanced formulation strategy that aligns API properties with excipient functionality.

Role of CELLETS® in the context of this patent

Although WO2022049149A1 does not explicitly name commercial products, its technical concept strongly aligns with MCC starter cores such as CELLETS® 100 (100-200 µm) and CELLETS® 200 (200-355 µm). These microcrystalline cellulose spheres offer high sphericity, low friability, and narrow particle size distribution. Therefore, they provide an ideal substrate for API layering in chewable multiparticulate systems. CELLETS® 100 and CELLETS® 200 support uniform coating, predictable dissolution behavior, and efficient processing in fluidized bed systems. In addition, their inert and tasteless nature helps minimize interactions with APIs and flavoring agents. As a result, they play a crucial functional role in achieving stable, reproducible, and patient-acceptable chewable formulations.

Conclusion and outlook for chewable formulations with MCC starter cores

Chewable formulations with MCC starter cores represent a strategic convergence of patient-centric design and pharmaceutical engineering. In conclusion, the integration of MCC starter cores enhances manufacturing reliability, dose uniformity, and dissolution performance while supporting improved patient compliance. Moreover, patents such as WO2022049149A1 demonstrate how modern excipient systems can overcome traditional limitations of chewable dosage forms. Looking ahead, further innovation will likely focus on advanced taste-masking technologies, tailored dissolution profiles, and broader API compatibility. Therefore, chewable formulations with MCC starter cores are well positioned to play an increasingly important role in future oral drug delivery.

Patent Summary

Name of Patent: Chewable formulations
Patent Number: WO2022049149A1
Year of Patent: 2021
Patent Holders: Clément Maxime Chevreau, Pascal Grenier, Claudia Reitz
Affiliation: Elanco Tiergesundheit AG

17. March 2026/by Bastian Arlt

Soft tabletting of pellets - Cellets small

CELLETS®, CELLETS® 350

Soft tabletting of pellets into Multiple Unit Pellet Systems (MUPS)

Introduction to soft tabletting of pellets and MCC pellet functionality

Soft tabletting of pellets is a specialized pharmaceutical compaction approach that enables the compression of coated pellet subunits into tablets while preserving pellet integrity and drug release performance. In this context, Multiple Unit Pellet Systems, or MUPS, combine the biopharmaceutical advantages of multiparticulates with the handling and patient benefits of tablets. MCC-based pellets play a central role in this technology because they deform plastically, cushion mechanical stress, and maintain coating functionality during compression. As a result, MCC pellets support robust tabletting, rapid tablet disintegration, and reliable dissolution behavior. Moreover, MUPS tablets reduce dose dumping risk, improve gastrointestinal distribution, and enhance patient compliance compared to conventional single-unit tablets. Consequently, soft tabletting of pellets has become a preferred strategy for modified-release, delayed-release, and combination products where performance consistency matters.

Summary of the publication on soft tabletting of pellets

The referenced publication investigates soft tabletting of pellets using MCC 102 and UICEL-A/102 as key pellet-forming and cushioning materials. The research focuses on producing MUPS tablets that achieve sufficient mechanical strength while preserving the original dissolution profile of coated pellets. Therefore, the work examines how pellet composition, morphology, and compaction behavior interact during tabletting.

The study uses sodium diclofenac as a model drug and applies a sustained-release polymer coating to the pellets. Both homogeneous pellets, produced by extrusion–spheronization, and inhomogeneous pellets, produced by dry powder layering on inert cores, were evaluated. As a result, the work provides insight into how pellet structure affects deformation and coating integrity during compression.

MCC 102 pellets demonstrated strong plastic deformation, which enabled softer compaction and better preservation of pellet structure. In contrast, UICEL-A/102 pellets showed higher porosity and swelling capacity. Consequently, UICEL-A/102-based MUPS disintegrated faster and released the drug more rapidly. However, this same swelling behavior limited their suitability for sustained-release applications.

When used in MUPS tablets, MCC 102 pellets achieved crushing strengths between 70 and 100 N while still disintegrating rapidly. Therefore, these tablets closely matched the dissolution behavior of uncompressed pellets. UICEL-A/102 pellets also formed mechanically stable tablets, but their higher swelling led to faster disintegration and altered release kinetics.

The study further highlights the importance of pellet production method. Inhomogeneous pellets layered onto inert starter cores responded differently to compression than homogeneous pellets. Notably, MCC-based starter cores supported softer tabletting and reduced coating damage. In contrast, sugar-based cores increased compaction stress and slowed tablet disintegration. Thus, the choice of core material directly influenced MUPS performance.

Overall, the publication demonstrates that successful soft tabletting of pellets requires careful alignment of pellet material, structure, and compaction parameters. Otherwise, coating damage or delayed disintegration may compromise therapeutic performance.

Role of Cellets, key insights, and material-related effects

In this publication, Cellets function as MCC-based inert starter cores for dry powder layering. Therefore, they provide a plastically deformable substrate that absorbs compression forces during tabletting. As a result, pellets layered onto Cellets show improved coating integrity and more predictable dissolution behavior compared to sugar-based cores.

The most important take-home message is that pellet material properties govern MUPS performance more than tablet hardness alone. Specifically, MCC 102 offers a balanced profile for sustained-release MUPS, whereas UICEL-A/102 favors immediate-release systems. Consequently, formulation goals should guide cellulose selection early in development.

Obstacles for MCC pellets include managing excessive densification during compression and controlling disintegration time. However, opportunities exist in tailoring MCC pellet porosity, size distribution, and deformation behavior. Advanced Cellets grades may further optimize cushioning and release stability.

Pellet sphericity improves flowability and die filling, which enhances tablet uniformity. At the same time, low friability limits coating damage and fines generation. Hardness requires precise adjustment, because excessive hardness delays disintegration, while insufficient hardness weakens tablets. Therefore, balancing these parameters remains critical for reliable soft tabletting of pellets.

Conclusion and outlook

Soft tabletting of pellets enables advanced MUPS dosage forms that combine multiparticulate performance with tablet convenience. This publication clearly shows that MCC pellets, especially Cellets, support soft compaction and stable drug release when formulation parameters align with material behavior. Although challenges remain, ongoing improvements in pellet engineering and MCC excipient design will expand MUPS applications. In the future, predictive formulation strategies and optimized MCC pellets will further strengthen soft tabletting of pellets as a core pharmaceutical technology.

References

[1] Dissertation, Balzano, Vincenzo; doi: 10.5451/unibas-004872301.

16. March 2026/by Bastian Arlt

CELLETS®, CELLETS® 500

Particle Size Distributions of Inert Spheres: Introduction and Summary

Introduction to Particle Size Distributions of Inert Spheres and Their Role in Pelletized Pharmaceutical Products

In pharmaceutical formulation science, Particle Size Distributions of Inert Spheres represent a fundamental quality attribute for multiparticulate dosage forms. Inert spheres, such as microcrystalline cellulose pellets, act as neutral carriers for active pharmaceutical ingredients. They enable precise drug layering, predictable dissolution, and uniform content distribution in capsules or tablets. A narrow and well-characterized PSD improves processability and coating uniformity. It also supports reproducible drug delivery performance in multiparticulate systems. Inert spheres such as CELLETS® offer tight PSD and high sphericity. Therefore, they provide robust cores for dosage forms ranging from low-dose products to extended-release multiparticulates.

A Publication Worth Reading: computerized image analysis

The publication by Heinicke and Schwartz [1] evaluates computerized image analysis for measuring PSD in pharmaceutical spheres and pellets. The study covers particle size ranges from approximately 425 to 1400 micrometers. Traditional sizing methods, such as sieve analysis, provide limited resolution and statistical detail. In contrast, image analysis demonstrated high repeatability and sensitivity. It quantified size differences that traditional methods could not detect. The authors compared two inert sphere lots before drug layering in a fluid-bed rotor granulator. Differences in starting PSD appeared clearly in the resulting granulated products. This result highlights the importance of core PSD for downstream performance. Furthermore, image analysis detected coating thickness increments as small as four micrometers.

The authors also investigated sampling strategies and sample sizes necessary for reliable measurements, recognizing that an appropriate representativeness of sample draws is critical for statistically meaningful PSD outcomes. Importantly, image analysis captured not only size distribution but also provided visual and morphological data for each particle, thereby enriching the dataset beyond mere dimensional statistics. The technique’s effectiveness was tested in both laboratory and commercial scale contexts, including measuring polymer-coated nonpareils during continuous fluid-bed processing. The similarity between in-situ samples (collected via process sampling ports) and whole batch samples suggested that fluid-bed processes in these systems provide sufficiently homogeneous conditions for representative PSD capture by image analysis.

Beyond the direct findings, the work situates PSD measurement via image analysis within a broader pharmaceutical quality landscape. Historically, PSD has been a critical parameter because it influences particle flow, coating behavior, drug layering uniformity, content uniformity, and ultimately drug release characteristics. The continuous development of in-line and at-line image analysis methods positions this approach as part of process analytical technology (PAT), enabling more dynamic control and monitoring of multiparticulate manufacturing.

Advances in Image Analysis for Determining Particle Size Distributions of Inert Spheres

Image analysis has evolved rapidly as a high-resolution method for determining PSD in pharmaceutical spheres. It directly measures individual particle dimensions and morphologies with high precision. Unlike sieve analysis or laser diffraction, image analysis provides particle-by-particle size and shape data. Therefore, it improves PSD accuracy, reproducibility, and visualization during development and quality control. Dynamic image analysis platforms process thousands of particles within minutes. As a result, they generate robust PSD and shape statistics correlated with functional performance criteria.

Important facts include the distinction between number-based and volume-based PSD measures. Metrics such as D10, D50, and D90 describe the spread and balance of the size distribution. In addition, image analysis extracts shape parameters such as sphericity and aspect ratio. These parameters strongly influence flow properties and coating behavior. Moreover, image analysis enables rapid in-process feedback for monitoring and control. This capability supports coating thickness control and ensures batch-to-batch consistency.

Persisting Obstacles

Despite these advances, obstacles persist. Adequate sample preparation is essential to avoid overlapping particles and bias, especially when using static imaging methods. Agglomeration, depth-of-field effects, and segmentation challenges in image processing can introduce measurement uncertainty if not properly managed. Opportunities exist to integrate enhanced machine vision, artificial intelligence (AI), and real-time imaging to improve discrimination of individual particles in complex mixtures or in high-throughput manufacturing environments. In-line imaging systems with real-time analytics can transform PSD from a static quality attribute to a dynamic process performance indicator.

CELLETS® exemplify the concept of narrow PSD and high surface homogeneity in inert spheres. These microcrystalline cellulose pellets exhibit tight particle size distributions within specified fractions (e.g., 100–200 µm, 150–300 µm, up to 1000-1400 µm) with high sphericity, low friability, and consistent surface characteristics that enhance coating uniformity and enable predictable performance in multiparticulate dosage forms. The narrow PSD and uniform surface enable reproducible drug layering, optimized flow properties, and controlled release profiles, making them ideal cores in fluid bed and Wurster coating operations.

Conclusion and Outlook

The study by Heinicke and Schwartz underscores the value of image analysis for PSD determination. They compared traditional sizing methods with image analysis for inert spheres and coated pharmaceutical pellets. The detection of fine particle diameter differences and detailed morphology supports formulation design, process control, and quality assurance. Future image analysis developments, including AI and in-line PAT integration, will further enhance PSD measurement capabilities. These advances will enable real-time adjustments and closed-loop control in pellet manufacturing. As multiparticulate drug delivery advances, precise characterization of Particle Size Distributions of Inert Spheres remains essential. This precision supports consistent therapeutic outcomes, regulatory compliance, and manufacturing efficiency. Ongoing innovations in imaging hardware, software, and data analytics will strengthen real-time quality control and predictive modeling.

References

[1] G. Heinicke, J. B. Schwartz, Pharmaceutical Development and Technology 2005 (9) 4, 359-367, doi:10.1081/PDT-200032996

16. March 2026/by Bastian Arlt

CELLETS®

Pharmaceutical Starter Cores For Scalable Solutions in Pharma

CELLETS® Pharmaceutical Starter Cores for Pellets & Functional Coatings

CELLETS® are high-purity pharmaceutical starter cores. They combine spherical geometry with narrow particle size distribution and defined density. They provide reproducible carriers for functional coatings and enable controlled layer formation in fluid bed and drum coating processes. Thanks to their uniform geometry, CELLETS® ensure stable fluidization, consistent rolling, and homogeneous wetting during coating. This guarantees uniform layer thicknesses and precise control of active ingredient release.

In controlled-release applications—such as sustained-release, delayed-release, or gastro-resistant systems—CELLETS® support reproducible release profiles. They minimize variability in active ingredient application and polymer layer thickness, creating robust, scalable formulations. CELLETS® enable efficient transfer from formulation development to production scale, improving process reliability and batch-to-batch consistency.

Standardized Starter Cores for GMP-Compliant Processes

CELLETS® are manufactured under controlled conditions with reproducible physical properties. Their narrow particle size, defined density, and high sphericity support consistent process control. This facilitates equipment and process qualification. Regulatory documentation (e.g., DMF information) and GMP compatibility allow CELLETS® to be used across the entire product lifecycle. Using standardized starter cores reduces regulatory risks and supports process validation and batch consistency.

Seamless Transfer from Development to Production

CELLETS® enable a smooth scale-up from lab to pilot and commercial production without altering material properties. This simplifies understanding and control of critical process parameters (CPPs). Formulations developed on CELLETS® can scale reproducibly, shortening development timelines and minimizing process adjustments.

Controlled Release & Enteric Coating Precision

CELLETS® provide a neutral, robust core for controlled or delayed drug release. Their uniform surface allows homogeneous application of functional polymer layers, such as sustained-release or enteric coatings. They reduce variability in layer thickness and drug distribution, ensuring reproducible release profiles. CELLETS® support the development of stable controlled-release and enteric coating systems in both R&D and commercial production.

Are You Already Using MCC Starter Spheres?

Take your chance and request sampling units today.

4. March 2026/by Bastian Arlt

ingredientpharm

CELLETS®

Case Study: Batch-to-Batch Conformity

4. March 2026/by Bastian Arlt

Different Pelletization Techniques Functionality and Key Insights

CELLETS®, CELLETS® 100, CELLETS® 1000

Different pelletization techniques: Introduction and Summary of the Thesis by Azza A. K. Mahmoud

Introduction to Different Pelletization Techniques and Their Functionality in Drug Formulations

Different pelletization techniques form a core part of pharmaceutical manufacturing for solid dosage forms that deliver active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with enhanced performance. Pelletization, a process that generates small, uniform spherical particles, improves flow properties, enables controlled or delayed release, and reduces local irritation in the gastrointestinal tract compared with conventional tablets and capsules. These techniques include direct pelletization, layering pelletization, extrusion-spheronization, spray drying, and other advanced methods, each offering specific functional benefits. Direct pelletization allows quick single-step formation with minimal equipment and lower cost. Layering pelletization deposits drug onto inert cores to improve drug loading and modify release profiles. More complex methods like extrusion-spheronization yield highly uniform pellets but require more processing time. Across all approaches, the choice of technique affects drug dissolution, stability, and manufacturability, and each technique opens opportunities to tailor drug release, enhance bioavailability, and optimize patient compliance through multiparticulate delivery systems.

Summary of the Thesis

The PhD thesis [1] “Application of High-Shear Granulator in Different Pelletization Techniques” by Azza Asim Khalid Mahmoud explores high-shear granulator applications. Furthermore, it demonstrates how these granulators improve different pelletization techniques to produce optimized drug delivery pellets. Consequently, different pelletization techniques become essential for solid dosage forms, enhancing flow properties and ensuring uniform size distribution. Moreover, the study highlights how these techniques enable precise control over drug release while equipment choice reduces cost and streamlines production. In addition, both direct pelletization and layering pelletization are analyzed within a high-shear granulator framework. Therefore, Quality by Design (QbD) principles guide the definition of process parameters that impact pellet quality. Through risk assessments, design of experiments (DoE), and optimization strategies, critical parameters are identified. These include impeller speed, chopper speed, binder volume, and granulating liquid, which strongly affect pellet size, yield, hardness, and dissolution. Overall, the research confirms that mastering different pelletization techniques enhances pharmaceutical pellet formulation efficiency and performance.

Direct pelletization with high-shear granulation

The thesis demonstrates that direct pelletization with high-shear granulation can produce pellets with desirable physical attributes and consistent drug distribution through careful experimental design. By applying a full factorial design and central composite design, the author constructs an optimal design space. The study also incorporates active pharmaceutical ingredients—amlodipine besylate and hydrochlorothiazide—showing how optimized pellets retain good content uniformity and dissolution performance when loaded. On the layering pelletization front, MCC cores serve as a base for drug deposition, with micro-computed tomography and thermal analysis confirming structural features that contribute to improved drug release. The research highlights how the high-shear granulator facilitates physical transformations such as partial amorphization of loaded drugs, which can enhance dissolution rates.

The thesis underscores the advantages of integrating QbD concepts into pelletization, improving reproducibility and understanding of how process variables interact. Overall, the study provides a comprehensive view of how different pelletization techniques benefit from high-shear granulation to produce robust pellet formulations with desirable critical quality attributes.

Use of CELLETS® in the Study

Within the thesis, CELLETS®—spherical microcrystalline cellulose cores—play a key role in the layering pelletization process. These inert cores are typically defined in uniform sizes of approximately 100 µm to 1400 µm. They provide a stable and consistent substrate onto which drug combinations (hydrochlorothiazide and amlodipine besylate) are deposited under high-shear conditions. The application of CELLETS® enhances layering efficiency, facilitates uniform drug distribution, and contributes to improved pellet morphology and mechanical integrity. Their use is integral to investigating how high-shear granulation affects drug layering and the resulting pharmacotechnical properties of the pellets.

Conclusion and Outlook

This thesis confirms that different pelletization techniques, particularly direct and layering methods, gain substantial functional advantages when implemented with high-shear granulation and QbD strategies. The research shows that such integration leads to pellets with optimized size, mechanical strength, and drug release characteristics. Moreover, the use of CELLETS® strengthens drug layering approaches and helps maintain uniformity in multiparticulate systems. Future research may expand on scaling these methods for commercial production, exploring additional API combinations. They are employing real-time monitoring technologies to further enhance control over pellet quality. By advancing the understanding of how process parameters affect critical quality attributes, this work positions high-shear granulation. This technology is a versatile tool for modern drug formulation technologies.

References

[1] SZTE Repository of Dissertations

11. December 2025/by Bastian Arlt

Enzyme-cleavable methadone prodrugs Innovations in formulation

CELLETS®, CELLETS® 100, CELLETS® 1000, CELLETS® 200, CELLETS® 350, CELLETS® 500, CELLETS® 700

Patent on enzyme-cleavable methadone prodrugs and methods of use thereof

Enzyme‑cleavable methadone prodrugs: Functionality, Opportunities, and Summary of US20250361205A1

Introduction to Enzyme‑cleavable methadone prodrugs

Enzyme‑cleavable methadone prodrugs represent a novel class of pharmacological agents designed to provide controlled release of methadone only after specific enzymatic activation. These prodrugs attach an enzyme‑cleavable promoiety to the methadone molecule, rendering it inactive until a target enzyme cleaves the linkage in vivo. This mechanism reduces misuse potential and provides more predictable pharmacokinetics compared to conventional methadone formulations. By depending upon specific enzymatic activity, this prodrug design can improve safety and minimize risks associated with inappropriate administration or overdose, while maintaining therapeutic efficacy for opioid dependence or chronic pain management.

Beyond safety, enzyme‑cleavable methadone prodrugs offer opportunities in advanced drug formulation. They enable precise control over the timing and extent of methadone release based on the activity of endogenous enzymes. As a result, formulators can tailor release rates and reduce systemic peaks that commonly contribute to adverse effects or abuse. These prodrugs also permit formulation with excipients or technologies that further modulate release profiles, including multiparticulate systems or coatings. In addition, controlled enzyme activation provides a strategy to optimize oral delivery, enhance patient compliance, and potentially reduce the burden of supervised dosing programs in opioid maintenance therapy.

Summary of this patent

The patent application US20250361205A1 discloses enzyme‑cleavable methadone prodrugs and corresponding methods of use, focusing on prodrugs that deliver methadone through enzymatically‑controlled release. These prodrugs contain a promoiety linked to methadone that requires cleavage by specific enzymes, such as digestive proteases, before the active opioid is liberated. By requiring enzymatic cleavage followed by intramolecular cyclization to release active methadone, the design significantly lowers the susceptibility to accidental or intentional misuse, including inappropriate routes of administration or chemical tampering.

The disclosed prodrug moieties can include amino acid residues or peptides of up to about 100 amino acids linked via an amide bond to the methadone nitrogen. By selecting promoieties that are substrates for particular enzymes, formulators can adjust release kinetics based on the target enzyme’s activity and distribution. For example, gastrointestinal enzymes like trypsin are contemplated as triggers for prodrug activation. The application also describes including enzyme inhibitors in the pharmaceutical composition to attenuate the rate of enzymatic cleavage when desired. This addition can further control release profiles and reduce unintended rapid activation.

The patent describes general chemical structures of enzyme‑cleavable methadone prodrugs, outlining variations in functional groups and linkers that influence both stability and enzymatic susceptibility. These structures include several formulae (e.g., MD‑(I), MD‑(II), MD‑(III)), each representing different classes of promoieties attached to the methadone core. Notably, upon enzymatic cleavage of the promoiety, a stable cyclic urea or other cyclic group forms, which is pharmaceutically acceptable and of low toxicity. The description also covers pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, and crystalline forms of the prodrugs, enhancing formulation versatility.

A key advantage emphasized in this disclosure is the reduction of excessive plasma methadone levels when the prodrug is administered improperly. Because the prodrug cannot be converted to methadone without specific enzymatic action and cyclization, the risk of overdose is reduced. Furthermore, the document details that trypsin inhibitors or other enzyme modulators may be co‑formulated to regulate the enzymatic activation rate. In addition to the chemical and pharmacokinetic considerations, the application mentions pharmaceutical compositions that include typical excipients, such as fillers, binders, and disintegrants, that support conventional formulation processes for oral delivery.

Use of CELLETS® in This Context

Although CELLETS® (highly spherical microcrystalline cellulose pellets used as starter cores in multiparticulate drug delivery systems) are not explicitly referenced in US20250361205A1, the broader formulation context suggests potential relevance. CELLETS® provide uniform and inert starter cores that support controlled layering of active pharmaceutical ingredients. In multiparticulate systems, CELLETS® improve coating uniformity, flow properties, and controlled release profiles in oral dosage forms. These characteristics make them useful for advanced prodrug formulations where release kinetics and consistency are critical, particularly when precise layering of enzyme‑cleavable prodrug moieties is required. Unlike conventional inert cores, CELLETS® enable predictable performance and facilitate scalable manufacturing for complex oral formulations.

In this patent, some particle sizes of CELLETS® are explicitely named:

Type	Particle size distribution (≥ 85 %)	learn more
CELLETS® 100	100-200 µm (150/80)	more information
CELLETS® 200	200-355 µm (80/50)	more information
CELLETS® 350	350-500 µm (50/35)	more information
CELLETS® 500	500-710 µm (35/25)	more information
CELLETS® 700	700-1000 µm (25/18)	more information
CELLETS® 1000	1000-1400 µm (18/13)	more information

Conclusion and Outlook

In summary, enzyme‑cleavable methadone prodrugs offer a promising advancement in opioid therapy and formulation science, combining controlled enzymatic activation with enhanced safety. The patent US20250361205A1 details chemical constructs and methods that reduce misuse potential and allow sophisticated control of drug release. Given ongoing needs for safer opioid medications, these prodrugs could transform maintenance therapy and pain management by minimizing overdose risks and improving patient compliance. Looking forward, integrating technologies such as multiparticulate delivery systems and optimized excipients (e.g., CELLETS®) will further refine dosing precision and therapeutic outcomes. Future research and clinical evaluation will determine how these designs perform in real‑world settings, including their impact on pharmacokinetics, abuse deterrence, and commercial viability.

Patent Summary

Name of Patent: Enzyme-cleavable methadone prodrugs and methods of use thereof
Patent Number: US20250361205A1
Year of Patent: 2025
Patent Holders: Lynn Kirkpatrick
Affiliation: Ensysce Biosciences Inc.

11. December 2025/by Bastian Arlt

CELLETS®

Cellulose-Derived Spherical Activated Carbon

Cellulose-derived spherical activated carbon is a sustainable carbon material made from renewable cellulose sources. It forms uniform spheres with high surface area and excellent porosity after activation. Because of its spherical shape, this carbon flows smoothly, packs efficiently, and resists dust formation. These traits make it ideal for pharmaceutical and biomedical uses. In drug formulation, amorphized amlodipine besylate and hydrochlorothiazide offer exciting potential. Their amorphous states increase solubility, speed up dissolution, and enhance bioavailability. This improvement allows more consistent dosing and better combination therapies. Furthermore, a high-shear granulator helps mix and layer ingredients under controlled energy and moisture. It ensures uniform distribution of amorphous drugs and consistent granule quality, which improves final product performance.

Summary of the Publication

The publication by K. Shin et al [1] introduces an eco-friendly method to create cellulose-derived spherical activated carbon from microcrystalline cellulose. The researchers first carbonized cellulose spheres and then activated them with steam. This process produced strong, uniform carbon spheres with hierarchical pores and high adsorption capacity. The spherical design improved handling and flow compared to traditional irregular carbon particles. Moreover, the material demonstrated high performance in removing uremic toxins in simulated biomedical tests. It showed quick adsorption, strong selectivity, and good stability under different pH and ionic strengths.

Because the raw cellulose originates from renewable sources, this process aligns with circular-economy goals. It also reduces production costs while improving quality and uniformity. The study compared these spherical carbons with conventional activated carbons and found similar or superior adsorption properties. However, the new materials also offered better mechanical strength and shape stability. In addition, the pore size and surface characteristics could be tuned by adjusting activation conditions or cellulose template sizes. This tunability is vital for targeting specific biomedical and environmental applications. Therefore, the study links sustainable material design with real-world medical use.

Use of CELLETS® in the Study

The authors used CELLETS® microcrystalline cellulose spheres as templates to shape the final spherical activated carbon. These CELLETS® provided precise size control and reliable structure during carbonization. As a result, the produced carbon spheres maintained uniform shape, size, and mechanical stability. The templating method allowed predictable performance and made the process suitable for scaling up. In practical terms, this ensured consistent flow, packing, and adsorption performance—essential features in pharmaceutical and medical applications.

Conclusion and Outlook

Cellulose-derived spherical activated carbon offers a major step toward green, high-performance adsorbents. It combines renewable sourcing, excellent flow behavior, and strong adsorption capacity. The integration of CELLETS® templates made production reproducible and efficient. Future work should focus on in-vivo safety, selective adsorption of specific toxins, and process optimization under GMP standards. Furthermore, pairing this carbon material with amorphous APIs like amlodipine besylate and hydrochlorothiazide could lead to multifunctional systems for improved drug delivery and detoxification. As industries move toward sustainability and advanced pharmaceutical technologies, cellulose-derived spherical activated carbon will likely play a central role in next-generation biomedical materials.

References

[1] K. Shin et al., Materials & Design 259 (2025) 114892. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114892.

10. November 2025/by Bastian Arlt

Research Advances in MCC Pellet Technology and Applications

Selected Scientific literature on MCC pellets

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2026

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2025

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2024

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2023

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2022

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2021

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2020

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2019

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2018

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2017

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2016

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2015

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2014

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2013

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2012

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2011

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2010

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2009

List – Publications with MCC spheres, 2008 and earlier

Introduction to delayed release oral pharmaceutical compositions

Summary of US12521351B1: delayed release oral pharmaceutical compositions

Technical considerations and formulation context

Conclusion and outlook

Patent Summary

Chewable formulations with MCC starter cores: Patient-centric design and pharmaceutical relevance

Chewable formulations with MCC starter cores according to WO2022049149A1

Advances, dissolution considerations, and API challenges in chewable dosage forms

Role of CELLETS® in the context of this patent

Conclusion and outlook for chewable formulations with MCC starter cores

Patent Summary

Introduction to soft tabletting of pellets and MCC pellet functionality

Summary of the publication on soft tabletting of pellets

Role of Cellets, key insights, and material-related effects

Conclusion and outlook

References

Introduction to Particle Size Distributions of Inert Spheres and Their Role in Pelletized Pharmaceutical Products

A Publication Worth Reading: computerized image analysis

Advances in Image Analysis for Determining Particle Size Distributions of Inert Spheres

Persisting Obstacles

Conclusion and Outlook

References

CELLETS® Pharmaceutical Starter Cores for Pellets & Functional Coatings

Standardized Starter Cores for GMP-Compliant Processes

Seamless Transfer from Development to Production

Controlled Release & Enteric Coating Precision

Are You Already Using MCC Starter Spheres?

Introduction to Different Pelletization Techniques and Their Functionality in Drug Formulations

Summary of the Thesis

Direct pelletization with high-shear granulation

Use of CELLETS® in the Study

Conclusion and Outlook

References

Enzyme‑cleavable methadone prodrugs: Functionality, Opportunities, and Summary of US20250361205A1

Introduction to Enzyme‑cleavable methadone prodrugs

Summary of this patent

Use of CELLETS® in This Context

Patent Summary

Summary of the Publication

Use of CELLETS® in the Study

Conclusion and Outlook

References

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